A Trans-Dimensional Approach to the Behavioral Aspects of Depression methods

[
  {
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "HowTo",
    "name": "A Trans-Dimensional Approach to the Behavioral Aspects of Depression methods",
    "description": "Evidence-backed execution summary for A Trans-Dimensional Approach to the Behavioral Aspects of Depression methods from A Trans-Dimensional Approach to the Behavioral Aspects of Depression.",
    "totalTime": "PT7202M",
    "step": [
      {
        "@type": "HowToStep",
        "position": 1,
        "name": "Novelty suppressed feeding",
        "text": "Anxiety-like behavior was also assessed using the NSF paradigm. Following published protocols (Bodnoff et al., ), animals were food-deprived for 23 h before being placed in a novel environment for 10 min (an open-field arena; MedAssociates Inc) where a single food pellet was centrally placed. Upon reaching the pellet, animals were returned to their home cages where they were presented with pre-weighed food over a period of 5 min. Latency to feeding in the open field was used as an index of anxiety-like behavior; the amount of food consumed in the home cage provided a measure of appetitive drive."
      },
      {
        "@type": "HowToStep",
        "position": 2,
        "name": "Sucrose consumption test",
        "text": "Anhedonia was assessed weekly during exposure to uCMS using the SCT. Briefly, animals were allowed to habituate to the sucrose solution for 1 week before the uCMS protocol to establish baseline preference levels. To test sucrose preference, animals that were food- and water-deprived for 18 h were presented with two pre-weighed bottles containing 1% sucrose solution or tap water for a period of 1 h. Sucrose preference was calculated according to the formula: sucrose preference = [sucrose intake/(sucrose intake + water intake)] × 100, as previously described (Bekris et al., ). Anhedonia was defined as a reduction in sucrose preference relative to baseline levels."
      },
      {
        "@type": "HowToStep",
        "position": 3,
        "name": "Elevated-plus maze",
        "text": "The EPM was used to test anxiety-like behavior. The EPM apparatus was made of black polypropylene (ENV-560; MedAssociates), consisted of two opposite open arms (50.8 × 10.2 cm) and two enclosed arms (50.8 × 10.2 × 40.6 cm) elevated 72.4 cm above the floor. The junction area between the four arms measured 10 × 10 cm. A raised edge (0.5 cm) on the open arms provided additional grip for the rats. Rats were placed individually in the center of the maze facing a closed arm and were allowed 5 min of free exploration. Behavioral parameters were recorded with the use of an infra-red photobeam system connected to a computer with specific software (MedPCIV, MedAssociates). After each trial, the maze was cleaned with 10% ethanol. The time spent in the open arms was used to calculate the percen..."
      },
      {
        "@type": "HowToStep",
        "position": 4,
        "name": "Morris water maze",
        "text": "An evaluation of cognitive function was performed in a spatial learning task (hippocampal-dependent) and a reverse learning task (prefrontal cortex-dependent) in the MWM (Cerqueira et al., ). The MWM apparatus consisted of a black tank (diameter: 170 cm; depth: 50 cm), divided in quadrants by imaginary lines, and filled with water (22°C) to a depth of 31 cm. During testing, a black platform (12 × 12 cm; invisible to the rats) was placed at a height of 30 cm. The room was dimly lit and extrinsic visual clues were glued to the walls. Data were collected using a video-tracking system (Viewpoint). In the spatial learning task, animals were tested for three consecutive days (four trials per day, with a maximum of 2 min per trial). The escape platform was placed in the centre of an arbitrarily-defined quadrant, assigned to a specific test subject. To avoid possible bias effects du..."
      },
      {
        "@type": "HowToStep",
        "position": 5,
        "name": "Drugs",
        "text": "The antidepressant drugs used were fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, Kemprotec) and imipramine (10 mg/kg, Sigma-Aldrich). Compounds were dissolved in 5% DMSO in 0.9% saline. Fluoxetine, imipramine and vehicle (0.9% saline) were administered intraperitoneally (1 ml/kg) during the last 2 weeks of the uCMS protocol. All injections were performed at 20:00. The doses of antidepressant drugs administered daily were chosen based in their therapeutic effects in previous studies (Song et al., )."
      },
      {
        "@type": "HowToStep",
        "position": 6,
        "name": "Statistical analysis",
        "text": "After confirmation of homogeneity, appropriate statistical tests were applied to the data. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to analyze the results of the sucrose preference test and of the spatial learning task in the MWM. One-way ANOVA was used to evaluate the impact of uCMS and antidepressant treatment in the EPM, NSF, FST and reverse learning task in the MWM. Differences between groups were determined by post-hoc analysis, using Tukey's honestly significant difference test (Tukey HSD). Correlations between the different behavioral parameters were evaluated by the Pearson coefficient ( r ) test in which data from control and uCMS groups was included. Statistical significance was accepted for P < 0.05. Results are expressed as mean ± s.e.m."
      }
    ],
    "tool": [
      {
        "@type": "HowToTool",
        "name": "Novelty suppressed feeding"
      },
      {
        "@type": "HowToTool",
        "name": "Elevated-plus maze"
      },
      {
        "@type": "HowToTool",
        "name": "Forced swimming test"
      },
      {
        "@type": "HowToTool",
        "name": "Morris water maze"
      }
    ],
    "supply": [
      {
        "@type": "HowToSupply",
        "name": "Sucrose consumption test"
      }
    ],
    "isBasedOn": {
      "@type": "ScholarlyArticle",
      "headline": "A Trans-Dimensional Approach to the Behavioral Aspects of Depression",
      "datePublished": "2008",
      "author": [
        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "João M. Bessa"
        },
        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Ana R. Mesquita"
        },
        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Mário Oliveira"
        },
        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "José Miguel Pêgo"
        },
        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "João J. Cerqueira"
        },
        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Joana A. Palha"
        },
        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Osborne F. X. Almeida"
        },
        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Nuno Sousa"
        }
      ],
      "identifier": "10.3389/neuro.08.001.2009"
    }
  },
  {
    "@context": "https://schema.org",
    "@type": "BreadcrumbList",
    "itemListElement": [
      {
        "@type": "ListItem",
        "position": 1,
        "name": "Experiments",
        "item": "https://replicatescience.com/experiments"
      },
      {
        "@type": "ListItem",
        "position": 2,
        "name": "A Trans-Dimensional Approach to the Behavioral Aspects of Depression methods",
        "item": "https://replicatescience.com/experiments/a-trans-dimensional-approach-to-the-behavioral-aspects-of-depression-methods-jo-227-o-m-bessa-pmc2634526/a-trans-dimensional-approach-to-the-behavioral-aspects-of-depression-mlpgus6m"
      }
    ]
  }
]