Cocaine supersensitivity and enhanced motivation for reward in mice lacking dopamine D 2 autoreceptors methods
Aim. Evidence-backed execution summary for Cocaine supersensitivity and enhanced motivation for reward in mice lacking dopamine D 2 autoreceptors methods from Cocaine supersensitivity and enhanced motivation for reward in mice lacking dopamine D 2 autoreceptors.
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mouse
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AutoDrd2KO mice display increased sensitivity to cocaine
reagent used in the protocol.
- Use
- DA transporters (DATs) and D 2 autoreceptors work together to limit extracellular DA levels via rapid DA reuptake and inhibition of neuronal firing and DA release, respectively,,. To examine the kinetics of DAT-mediated DA uptake in the absence of D 2 autoreceptors, we used single-pulse stimulation FSCV in dorsal...
AutoDrd2KO mice display increased sensitivity to cocaine
reagent used in the protocol.
- Use
- We next sought to assess the in vivo effects of cocaine. AutoDrd2KO mice were supersensitive to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine. At 5 mg per kg (intraperitoneal), cocaine increased the locomotor activity of auto-Drd2KO mice 1.4-fold and had no effect on Drd2 loxP/loxP mice ( ). At 15 mg per kg, cocaine in...
Supramaximal DA release in autoDrd2KO mice
reagent used in the protocol.
- Use
- The loss of D 2 autoreceptor modulation observed in autoDrd2KO mice also appears to have noticeable in vivo effects. AutoDrd2KO mice were supersensitive to the inhibitory effects of the D 2 receptor antagonist haloperidol. At 0.1 mg per kg, haloperidol reduced locomotor activity of Drd2 loxP/loxP and autoDrd2KO mice...
AutoDrd2KO mice display locomotor hyperactivity
AutoDrd2KO mice showed increased locomotor activity and normal habituation in a novel open field ( ). Hyperactivity resulted from higher frequency of movement initiations ( Drd2 loxP/loxP, 325.0 ± 39.3 initiations; autoDrd2KO, 531.7 ± 29.7 initiations; one-way ANOVA genotype: F 1,26 = 18.788, P < 0.001) r...
- Use
- AutoDrd2KO mice showed increased locomotor activity and normal habituation in a novel open field ( ). Hyperactivity resulted from higher frequency of movement initiations ( Drd2 loxP/loxP, 325.0 ± 39.3 initiations; autoDrd2KO, 531.7 ± 29.7 initiations; one-way ANOVA genotype: F 1,26 = 18.788, P < 0.001) r...
AutoDrd2KO mice display locomotor hyperactivity
We further studied autoDrd2KO mice in other approach/avoidance conflicts. Both autoDrd2KO and Drd2 loxP/loxP mice avoided entering the open arms of an elevated plus maze and the lit compartment of a light/dark preference arena to a similar extent ( ). In a novel object test, mice of both genotypes showed similar rea...
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- We further studied autoDrd2KO mice in other approach/avoidance conflicts. Both autoDrd2KO and Drd2 loxP/loxP mice avoided entering the open arms of an elevated plus maze and the lit compartment of a light/dark preference arena to a similar extent ( ). In a novel object test, mice of both genotypes showed similar rea...
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Tight control of DA release and synthesis by D 2 autoreceptors
The D 2 -like agonist quinpirole strongly inhibited electrically stimulated DA release in dorsal striatum of Drd2 loxP/loxP mice in a concentration-dependent manner with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 19 ± 0.3 nM ( ). We found that DA transients in autoDrd2KO mice were insensitive to quinpirole, indicating that D 2 autoreceptors were absent from DA terminals ( ). We tested whether the increased DA release could result from a larger releasable pool of DA generated by the lack of DA synthesis inhibition in DA terminals. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity, assessed by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) accumulation, in striata from autoDrd2KO mice was twice that observed in Drd2 loxP/loxP littermates ( ). Notably, quinpirole (0.5 mg per kg of body weight) decreased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in Drd2 loxP/loxP, but not in autoDrd2KO mice ( ), suggesting that the D 2 re...
AutoDrd2KO mice display locomotor hyperactivity
AutoDrd2KO mice showed increased locomotor activity and normal habituation in a novel open field ( ). Hyperactivity resulted from higher frequency of movement initiations ( Drd2 loxP/loxP, 325.0 ± 39.3 initiations; autoDrd2KO, 531.7 ± 29.7 initiations; one-way ANOVA genotype: F 1,26 = 18.788, P < 0.001) rather than from increased velocity ( Drd2 loxP/loxP, 33.7 ± 4.1 cm s -1; autoDrd2KO, 35.0 ± 2.4 cm s -1; one-way ANOVA genotype: F 1,26 = 0.092, P = 0.763). AutoDrd2KO mice avoided the central area of the arena, as did their Drd2 loxP/loxP littermates ( ), which is different from other hyperactive mouse models -. On subsequent days, when the open field constituted a somewhat familiar environment, locomotor scores diminished in both genotypes, but always remained between 40 to 60% higher in autoDrd2KO mice ( ).
AutoDrd2KO mice display increased sensitivity to cocaine
We next sought to assess the in vivo effects of cocaine. AutoDrd2KO mice were supersensitive to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine. At 5 mg per kg (intraperitoneal), cocaine increased the locomotor activity of auto-Drd2KO mice 1.4-fold and had no effect on Drd2 loxP/loxP mice ( ). At 15 mg per kg, cocaine increased locomotor activity of Drd2 loxP/loxP and autoDrd2KO mice by 2.8- and 3.8-fold, respectively ( ). The rewarding effect of cocaine was evaluated using a conditioned place preference procedure. At 5 mg per kg (intraperitoneal), cocaine induced robust conditioned responses, increasing the time spent on the drug-paired floor in mice of both genotypes ( ). However, only autoDrd2KO mice showed conditioned responses when 0.5 mg per kg cocaine doses were used ( ). These results indicate that reward sensitivity for cocaine is increased in the absence of D 2 autoreceptors.
Supramaximal DA release in autoDrd2KO mice
To investigate the functional consequences of the lack of D 2 autoreceptors in the regulation of DA release during sustained activity, 30-pulse stimulus trains at 10 Hz (10-min intertrain intervals) were delivered and DA levels were measured with FSCV in dorsal striatal slices (; note the different temporal profile of DA concentration changes compared with single pulse in ). In Drd2 loxP/loxP slices, stimulus trains evoked a characteristic peak and steady-state DA profile that shifted to a sustained high DA level profile on sulpiride application. In autoDrd2KO mice, train-evoked DA levels were not only sustained, but were also increased during stimulation to supramaximal levels that were insensitive to sulpiride ( ). Thus, D 2 autoreceptors exert an inhibitory control of phasic DA release via rapid feedback inhibition of release combined with inhibition of DA synthesis. Acute D 2 rec...
Supramaximal DA release in autoDrd2KO mice
The loss of D 2 autoreceptor modulation observed in autoDrd2KO mice also appears to have noticeable in vivo effects. AutoDrd2KO mice were supersensitive to the inhibitory effects of the D 2 receptor antagonist haloperidol. At 0.1 mg per kg, haloperidol reduced locomotor activity of Drd2 loxP/loxP and autoDrd2KO mice by 38% and 76%, respectively ( ). At a higher dose of haloperidol (0.6 mg per kg), locomotor activity was further reduced by 85% in Drd2 loxP/loxP mice, whereas autoDrd2KO mice were rendered mostly akinetic. These findings are consistent with the idea that haloperidol blockade of postsynaptic D 2 receptors competes with a concurrent rise in extracellular DA elicited by D 2 autoreceptor blockade in normal mice. Given that this latter effect does not occur when D 2 autoreceptors are absent, autoDrd2KO mice are supersensitive to the effect of this drug.
Increased motivation to work for food in autoDrd2KO mice
Given that DA participates in reward-guided behavior,,, we sought to examine the effects of D 2 autoreceptor loss in motivation to perform rewarded operant behaviors. Food-restricted mice of both genotypes were subjected to a fixed ratio schedule (FR3) that escalated every 3 d to FR10, FR30 and FR100. Up to FR30, all mice worked to obtain approximately 120 food pellets of 20 mg each and showed no differences in satiety and motivation to self-administer food ( ). At FR100, however, Drd2 loxP/loxP mice decreased the number of pellets obtained (abandoned after pressing for 2.8 ± 0.3 h), whereas autoDrd2KO mice continued pressing the reward-paired lever for more than 4.4 ± 0.8 h and obtained a number of pellets that was even higher than those obtained under the lower fixed ratio value regimes ( ).
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We further studied autoDrd2KO mice in other approach/avoidance conflicts. Both autoDrd2KO and Drd2 loxP/loxP mice avoided entering the open arms of an elevated plus maze and the...
- Raw artifact
- Per-run gait capture with paw placement, timing, and stride features for each animal
- Processed artifact
- Cleaned gait metrics table and recovery trend summary across timepoints
- Reported as
- Group comparisons of gait indices, stride metrics, or recovery curves
Given that DA participates in reward-guided behavior,,, we sought to examine the effects of D 2 autoreceptor loss in motivation to perform rewarded operant behaviors. Food-re...
- Raw artifact
- Per-run gait capture with paw placement, timing, and stride features for each animal
- Processed artifact
- Cleaned gait metrics table and recovery trend summary across timepoints
- Reported as
- Group comparisons of gait indices, stride metrics, or recovery curves
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inferred from protocolPreprocessing / cleaning
AutoDrd2KO mice showed increased locomotor activity and normal habituation in a novel open field ( ).
from paperScoring or quantification
Quantify the primary readouts for this experiment: We further studied autoDrd2KO mice in other approach/avoidance conflicts. Both autoDrd2KO and Drd2 loxP/loxP mice avoided entering the open arms of an elevated plus maze and the...; Given that DA participates in reward-guided behavior,,, we sought to examine the effects of D 2 autoreceptor loss in motivation to perform rewarded operant behaviors. Food-re....
from paperStatistical comparison
AutoDrd2KO mice showed increased locomotor activity and normal habituation in a novel open field ( ). Hyperactivity resulted from higher frequency of movement initiations ( Drd2...
from paperReporting output
Report representative outputs alongside summary comparisons for We further studied autoDrd2KO mice in other approach/avoidance conflicts. Both autoDrd2KO and Drd2 loxP/loxP mice avoided entering the open arms of an elevated plus maze and the..., Given that DA participates in reward-guided behavior,,, we sought to examine the effects of D 2 autoreceptor loss in motivation to perform rewarded operant behaviors. Food-re....
inferred from protocolStructured statistical methods
AutoDrd2KO mice showed increased locomotor activity and normal habituation in a novel open field ( ). Hyperactivity resulted from higher frequency of movement initiations ( Drd2...
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Evidence quotes (6)
The D 2 -like agonist quinpirole strongly inhibited electrically stimulated DA release in dorsal striatum of Drd2 loxP/loxP mice in a concentration-dependent manner with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 19 ± 0.3 nM ( ). We found that DA transients in autoDrd2KO mice were insensitive to quinpirole, indicating that D 2 autoreceptors were absent from DA terminals ( ). We tested whether the increased DA release could result from a larger releasable pool of DA generated by the lack of DA synthesis inhibition in DA terminals. Tyrosine hydroxylase activity, assessed by L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) accumulation, in striata from autoDrd2KO mice was twice that observed in Drd2 loxP/loxP littermates ( ). Notably, quinpirole (0.5 mg per kg of body weight) decreased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in Drd2 loxP/loxP, but not in autoDrd2KO mice ( ), suggesting that the D 2 receptor is the only D 2 -like receptor to participate in the feedback inhibition of DA synthesis. Striatal DA content was similar in mice of both genotypes ( Drd2 loxP/loxP, 68.2 ± 10.3 pmol per mg of tissue; autoDrd2KO, 64.1 ± 7.6 pmol per mg of tissue).
AutoDrd2KO mice showed increased locomotor activity and normal habituation in a novel open field ( ). Hyperactivity resulted from higher frequency of movement initiations ( Drd2 loxP/loxP, 325.0 ± 39.3 initiations; autoDrd2KO, 531.7 ± 29.7 initiations; one-way ANOVA genotype: F 1,26 = 18.788, P < 0.001) rather than from increased velocity ( Drd2 loxP/loxP, 33.7 ± 4.1 cm s -1; autoDrd2KO, 35.0 ± 2.4 cm s -1; one-way ANOVA genotype: F 1,26 = 0.092, P = 0.763). AutoDrd2KO mice avoided the central area of the arena, as did their Drd2 loxP/loxP littermates ( ), which is different from other hyperactive mouse models -. On subsequent days, when the open field constituted a somewhat familiar environment, locomotor scores diminished in both genotypes, but always remained between 40 to 60% higher in autoDrd2KO mice ( ).
We next sought to assess the in vivo effects of cocaine. AutoDrd2KO mice were supersensitive to the locomotor stimulant effects of cocaine. At 5 mg per kg (intraperitoneal), cocaine increased the locomotor activity of auto-Drd2KO mice 1.4-fold and had no effect on Drd2 loxP/loxP mice ( ). At 15 mg per kg, cocaine increased locomotor activity of Drd2 loxP/loxP and autoDrd2KO mice by 2.8- and 3.8-fold, respectively ( ). The rewarding effect of cocaine was evaluated using a conditioned place preference procedure. At 5 mg per kg (intraperitoneal), cocaine induced robust conditioned responses, increasing the time spent on the drug-paired floor in mice of both genotypes ( ). However, only autoDrd2KO mice showed conditioned responses when 0.5 mg per kg cocaine doses were used ( ). These results indicate that reward sensitivity for cocaine is increased in the absence of D 2 autoreceptors.
To investigate the functional consequences of the lack of D 2 autoreceptors in the regulation of DA release during sustained activity, 30-pulse stimulus trains at 10 Hz (10-min intertrain intervals) were delivered and DA levels were measured with FSCV in dorsal striatal slices (; note the different temporal profile of DA concentration changes compared with single pulse in ). In Drd2 loxP/loxP slices, stimulus trains evoked a characteristic peak and steady-state DA profile that shifted to a sustained high DA level profile on sulpiride application. In autoDrd2KO mice, train-evoked DA levels were not only sustained, but were also increased during stimulation to supramaximal levels that were insensitive to sulpiride ( ). Thus, D 2 autoreceptors exert an inhibitory control of phasic DA release via rapid feedback inhibition of release combined with inhibition of DA synthesis. Acute D 2 receptor blockade only prevents the rapid release inhibition, whereas the full extent of D 2 autoreceptor actions can be seen in autoDrd2KO mice.
The loss of D 2 autoreceptor modulation observed in autoDrd2KO mice also appears to have noticeable in vivo effects. AutoDrd2KO mice were supersensitive to the inhibitory effects of the D 2 receptor antagonist haloperidol. At 0.1 mg per kg, haloperidol reduced locomotor activity of Drd2 loxP/loxP and autoDrd2KO mice by 38% and 76%, respectively ( ). At a higher dose of haloperidol (0.6 mg per kg), locomotor activity was further reduced by 85% in Drd2 loxP/loxP mice, whereas autoDrd2KO mice were rendered mostly akinetic. These findings are consistent with the idea that haloperidol blockade of postsynaptic D 2 receptors competes with a concurrent rise in extracellular DA elicited by D 2 autoreceptor blockade in normal mice. Given that this latter effect does not occur when D 2 autoreceptors are absent, autoDrd2KO mice are supersensitive to the effect of this drug.
Given that DA participates in reward-guided behavior,,, we sought to examine the effects of D 2 autoreceptor loss in motivation to perform rewarded operant behaviors. Food-restricted mice of both genotypes were subjected to a fixed ratio schedule (FR3) that escalated every 3 d to FR10, FR30 and FR100. Up to FR30, all mice worked to obtain approximately 120 food pellets of 20 mg each and showed no differences in satiety and motivation to self-administer food ( ). At FR100, however, Drd2 loxP/loxP mice decreased the number of pellets obtained (abandoned after pressing for 2.8 ± 0.3 h), whereas autoDrd2KO mice continued pressing the reward-paired lever for more than 4.4 ± 0.8 h and obtained a number of pellets that was even higher than those obtained under the lower fixed ratio value regimes ( ).
Machine-readable layer
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