Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment methods
Aim. Evidence-backed execution summary for Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment methods from Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment.
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This experiment, in seven questions
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Shopping and prep list
What do I need before I start?
human
Subject model for the experiment.
- Use
- confirm full cohort details in the source paper
Intervention
reagent used in the protocol.
- Use
- Participants were randomized either to a high-intensity aerobic exercise or stretching control group. The aerobic group exercised under the supervision of a fitness trainer at 75% to 85% of heart rate reserve for 45 to 60 min/d, 4 d/wk for 6 months. The control group carried out supervised stretching activities acco...
Assays
reagent used in the protocol.
- Use
- Plasma insulin, IGF-I, and cortisol levels were quantified using radioimmunoassay. Plasma BDNF and platelet factor 4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin; and Aniara, Mason, Ohio). Although BDNF is highly concentrated in the central nervous system, it is also stored...
Setting
Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System clinical research unit.
- Use
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System clinical research unit.
Procedure
Participants in both the aerobic and stretching groups carried out their activity routines 4 d/wk for 45 to 60 minutes per session for 6 months. Participants maintained a constant diet and extracurricular activity level for the duration of the study. Most exercise sessions (90%) were conducted at local Young Mens Ch...
- Use
- Participants in both the aerobic and stretching groups carried out their activity routines 4 d/wk for 45 to 60 minutes per session for 6 months. Participants maintained a constant diet and extracurricular activity level for the duration of the study. Most exercise sessions (90%) were conducted at local Young Mens Ch...
Assays
Plasma insulin, IGF-I, and cortisol levels were quantified using radioimmunoassay. Plasma BDNF and platelet factor 4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin; and Aniara, Mason, Ohio). Although BDNF is highly concentrated in the central nervous system, it is also stored...
- Use
- Plasma insulin, IGF-I, and cortisol levels were quantified using radioimmunoassay. Plasma BDNF and platelet factor 4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (Promega, Madison, Wisconsin; and Aniara, Mason, Ohio). Although BDNF is highly concentrated in the central nervous system, it is also stored...
Before you run
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First confirmation
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Open the source paper before finalizing run-specific details.
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Open quote workflowStep-by-step procedure
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Methods
The study was approved by the University of Washington institutional review board. Thirty-three subjects diagnosed with amnestic MCI (single or multiple domain) using Petersen criteria in a memory disorders clinic provided written informed consent and were enrolled in the study. Exclusion criteria included unstable cardiac disease, significant cerebrovascular disease, musculoskeletal impairment, or presence of other medical conditions with significant psychiatric, neurologic, or metabolic sequela. Only sedentary adults (self-report of <30 minutes of structured physical activity <3 times per week in the last 6 months, confirmed with peak oxygen consumption during graded exercise treadmill test) were enrolled. Use of statins or antihypertensives was permitted, while use of diabetes medications was not. At enrollment, the aerobic and control groups were comparable with respect to age, ge...
Intervention
Participants were randomized either to a high-intensity aerobic exercise or stretching control group. The aerobic group exercised under the supervision of a fitness trainer at 75% to 85% of heart rate reserve for 45 to 60 min/d, 4 d/wk for 6 months. The control group carried out supervised stretching activities according to the same schedule but maintained their heart rate at or below 50% of their heart rate reserve. Before and after the study, glucometabolic and treadmill tests were performed and fat distribution was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. At baseline, month 3, and month 6, blood was collected for assay and cognitive tests were administered.
Procedure
Participants in both the aerobic and stretching groups carried out their activity routines 4 d/wk for 45 to 60 minutes per session for 6 months. Participants maintained a constant diet and extracurricular activity level for the duration of the study. Most exercise sessions (90%) were conducted at local Young Mens Christian Associations (YMCA). The first 8 sessions were supervised by the trainer. Thereafter, the trainer supervised 1 session per week per participant. Subjects also received a weekly call from the study coordinator to ensure compliance and completed daily logs tracking exercise duration and heart rate (HR) monitor measurements. Compliance data were reviewed weekly by an exercise physiologist. Exercise duration and intensity were gradually increased over the first 6 weeks of the program until participants in the aerobic group were exercising at 75% to 85% of HR reserve usi...
Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamp
At baseline and following the 6-month intervention, fasting participants received a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, as previously described. The quantity of dextrose infusate (mL) required to maintain euglycemia under the condition of steady-state hyperinsulinemia for 30 minutes was recorded. Values were adjusted for the volume of insulin infused in 30 minutes (mU/kg); greater values reflected increased glucose disposal and, consequently, increased insulin sensitivity.
Cognitive Function
Six months of controlled aerobic exercise improved executive control processes of multitasking, cognitive flexibility, information processing efficiency, and selective attention (Symbol-Digit Modalities, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, Trails B, and Task Switching; MANOVA, F 5,19 =3.05; P =.04). When sex was included in the model as a predictor variable, a significant interaction indicated that this treatment effect differed for men and women (group × sex F 5,17 =2.98; P =.04). For women, increasing V̇ o 2 peak was associated with improved executive function ( P =.05). The results of univariate analyses for the constituent cognitive tests are provided below. A similarly structured MANOVA performed on measures collected 3 months into the study failed to reach significance, likely because participants had only completed 6 weeks of the program at the targeted intensity.
Measurement outputs
What raw and processed outputs should exist?
Participants were randomized using a 2:1 ratio to aerobic exercise or stretching control groups. Cognitive testing and 12-hour fasting blood collection occurred between 8 am and...
- Raw artifact
- Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
- Processed artifact
- Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
- Reported as
- Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Performance measures on Symbol-Digit Modalities, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, Trails B, Task Switching, Story Recall, and List Learning. Fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, b...
- Raw artifact
- Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
- Processed artifact
- Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
- Reported as
- Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
For the Trail Making Test, subjects drew lines to connect alphanumeric stimuli in ascending order that were randomly placed on a page. In the more difficult condition (Trails B)...
- Raw artifact
- Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
- Processed artifact
- Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
- Reported as
- Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Plasma insulin, IGF-I, and cortisol levels were quantified using radioimmunoassay. Plasma BDNF and platelet factor 4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (...
- Raw artifact
- Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
- Processed artifact
- Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
- Reported as
- Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Analysis plan
How should the outputs become interpretable results?
Acquisition
Collect raw experimental outputs with enough metadata to preserve sample identity, condition, and timing.
inferred from protocolPreprocessing / cleaning
The study was approved by the University of Washington institutional review board.
from paperScoring or quantification
Quantify the primary readouts for this experiment: Participants were randomized using a 2:1 ratio to aerobic exercise or stretching control groups. Cognitive testing and 12-hour fasting blood collection occurred between 8 am and...; Performance measures on Symbol-Digit Modalities, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, Trails B, Task Switching, Story Recall, and List Learning. Fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, b...; For the Trail Making Test, subjects drew lines to connect alphanumeric stimuli in ascending order that were randomly placed on a page. In the more difficult condition (Trails B)...; Plasma insulin, IGF-I, and cortisol levels were quantified using radioimmunoassay. Plasma BDNF and platelet factor 4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (....
from paperStatistical comparison
The study was approved by the University of Washington institutional review board. Thirty-three subjects diagnosed with amnestic MCI (single or multiple domain) using Petersen c...; Multiple regression and correlation procedures were used to residualize the 6-month data from baseline to create change scores. Residualized cognitive measures were subjected to...; Six months of controlled aerobic exercise improved executive control processes of multitasking, cognitive flexibility, information processing efficiency, and selective attention...; Aerobic exercise was associated with sex-specific improvements in glucoregulation and insulin sensitivity (group × sex MANOVA, F 3,19 =3.84; P =.03). For women, glucose dis...
from paperReporting output
Report representative outputs alongside summary comparisons for Participants were randomized using a 2:1 ratio to aerobic exercise or stretching control groups. Cognitive testing and 12-hour fasting blood collection occurred between 8 am and..., Performance measures on Symbol-Digit Modalities, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, Trails B, Task Switching, Story Recall, and List Learning. Fasting plasma levels of insulin, cortisol, b..., For the Trail Making Test, subjects drew lines to connect alphanumeric stimuli in ascending order that were randomly placed on a page. In the more difficult condition (Trails B)..., Plasma insulin, IGF-I, and cortisol levels were quantified using radioimmunoassay. Plasma BDNF and platelet factor 4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (....
inferred from protocolStructured statistical methods
The study was approved by the University of Washington institutional review board. Thirty-three subjects diagnosed with amnestic MCI (single or multiple domain) using Petersen c...; Multiple regression and correlation procedures were used to residualize the 6-month data from baseline to create change scores. Residualized cognitive measures were subjected to...; Six months of controlled aerobic exercise improved executive control processes of multitasking, cognitive flexibility, information processing efficiency, and selective attention...; Aerobic exercise was associated with sex-specific improvements in glucoregulation and insulin sensitivity (group × sex MANOVA, F 3,19 =3.84; P =.03). For women, glucose dis...
source structuredSource and audit
What supports the facts on this page?
Evidence quotes (5)
The study was approved by the University of Washington institutional review board. Thirty-three subjects diagnosed with amnestic MCI (single or multiple domain) using Petersen criteria in a memory disorders clinic provided written informed consent and were enrolled in the study. Exclusion criteria included unstable cardiac disease, significant cerebrovascular disease, musculoskeletal impairment, or presence of other medical conditions with significant psychiatric, neurologic, or metabolic sequela. Only sedentary adults (self-report of <30 minutes of structured physical activity <3 times per week in the last 6 months, confirmed with peak oxygen consumption during graded exercise treadmill test) were enrolled. Use of statins or antihypertensives was permitted, while use of diabetes medications was not. At enrollment, the aerobic and control groups were comparable with respect to age, general cognitive status, cardiorespiratory fitness, adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and fasting plasma levels of insulin, cholesterol, IGF-I, and cortisol ( P >.17 for all). Overall, women at baseline had higher Mini-Mental State Examination scores, body fat, cholesterol (total and high-density lipo...
Participants were randomized either to a high-intensity aerobic exercise or stretching control group. The aerobic group exercised under the supervision of a fitness trainer at 75% to 85% of heart rate reserve for 45 to 60 min/d, 4 d/wk for 6 months. The control group carried out supervised stretching activities according to the same schedule but maintained their heart rate at or below 50% of their heart rate reserve. Before and after the study, glucometabolic and treadmill tests were performed and fat distribution was assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. At baseline, month 3, and month 6, blood was collected for assay and cognitive tests were administered.
Participants in both the aerobic and stretching groups carried out their activity routines 4 d/wk for 45 to 60 minutes per session for 6 months. Participants maintained a constant diet and extracurricular activity level for the duration of the study. Most exercise sessions (90%) were conducted at local Young Mens Christian Associations (YMCA). The first 8 sessions were supervised by the trainer. Thereafter, the trainer supervised 1 session per week per participant. Subjects also received a weekly call from the study coordinator to ensure compliance and completed daily logs tracking exercise duration and heart rate (HR) monitor measurements. Compliance data were reviewed weekly by an exercise physiologist. Exercise duration and intensity were gradually increased over the first 6 weeks of the program until participants in the aerobic group were exercising at 75% to 85% of HR reserve using a treadmill, stationary bicycle, or elliptical trainer. This intensity was then maintained for the study's duration. The treadmill was the most commonly selected machine, regardless of sex. Participants in the control group carried out a prescribed routine of stretching and balance exercises, mai...
At baseline and following the 6-month intervention, fasting participants received a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, as previously described. The quantity of dextrose infusate (mL) required to maintain euglycemia under the condition of steady-state hyperinsulinemia for 30 minutes was recorded. Values were adjusted for the volume of insulin infused in 30 minutes (mU/kg); greater values reflected increased glucose disposal and, consequently, increased insulin sensitivity.
Six months of controlled aerobic exercise improved executive control processes of multitasking, cognitive flexibility, information processing efficiency, and selective attention (Symbol-Digit Modalities, Verbal Fluency, Stroop, Trails B, and Task Switching; MANOVA, F 5,19 =3.05; P =.04). When sex was included in the model as a predictor variable, a significant interaction indicated that this treatment effect differed for men and women (group × sex F 5,17 =2.98; P =.04). For women, increasing V̇ o 2 peak was associated with improved executive function ( P =.05). The results of univariate analyses for the constituent cognitive tests are provided below. A similarly structured MANOVA performed on measures collected 3 months into the study failed to reach significance, likely because participants had only completed 6 weeks of the program at the targeted intensity.
Machine-readable layer
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