Gait Assessment of Pain and Analgesics: Comparison of the DigiGait™ and CatWalk™ Gait Imaging Systems methods
Aim. Evidence-backed execution summary for Gait Assessment of Pain and Analgesics: Comparison of the DigiGait™ and CatWalk™ Gait Imaging Systems methods from Gait Assessment of Pain and Analgesics: Comparison of the DigiGait™ and CatWalk™ Gait Imaging Systems.
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rat
Subject model for the experiment.
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Experimental Design
reagent used in the protocol.
- Use
- Usually, SNI rats show a substantial decline of mechanical threshold in the first week after injury, and this hypersensitivity continues for months [ ]. Thus, we performed sensory and motor analyses at 7 days and 9 days post-injury (dpi), when the models showed stable mechanical allodynia. In total, 24 rat...
Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Detecting Alleviation of Gait Abnormalities in Response to Anal...
reagent used in the protocol.
- Use
- Tramadol (Ultram®, Janssen) was administered as the analgesic in these 22 CFA rats due to its FDA-approved indication for the management of pain in adults that is severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate. Tramadol is a centrally-acting racemic, synthetic o...
Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Detecting Alleviation of Gait Abnormalities in Response to Anal...
reagent used in the protocol.
- Use
- Despite its adverse effects on therapeutic use including dizziness, vomiting, nausea, somnolence, and constipation, this compound still has advantages over non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the form of less renal and gastrointestinal deterioration during long-term use and over other opioid chemicals because o...
Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Reflecting the Severity of Neuropathic Pain in the SNI Model
Next, gait acquisition was conducted. Since injury was limited to the left hindlimb, the difference in paw parameters between the LH (ipsilateral side) and RH (contralateral side as control) was calculated to reflect the gait abnormalities. As in our previous studies, the LH/RH ratio was used to rule out the confoun...
- Use
- Next, gait acquisition was conducted. Since injury was limited to the left hindlimb, the difference in paw parameters between the LH (ipsilateral side) and RH (contralateral side as control) was calculated to reflect the gait abnormalities. As in our previous studies, the LH/RH ratio was used to rule out the confoun...
Experimental Design
Usually, SNI rats show a substantial decline of mechanical threshold in the first week after injury, and this hypersensitivity continues for months [ ]. Thus, we performed sensory and motor analyses at 7 days and 9 days post-injury (dpi), when the models showed stable mechanical allodynia. In total, 24 rat...
- Use
- Usually, SNI rats show a substantial decline of mechanical threshold in the first week after injury, and this hypersensitivity continues for months [ ]. Thus, we performed sensory and motor analyses at 7 days and 9 days post-injury (dpi), when the models showed stable mechanical allodynia. In total, 24 rat...
Experimental Design
To achieve the goal of completing sensory and gait measurements within 1 h, saline or analgesic was injected in sequence at 15-min intervals. In this way, we at most had to handle 4 rats simultaneously. In addition, to save time, we pre-trained these rats to perform uninterrupted runs on the CatWalk track and D...
- Use
- To achieve the goal of completing sensory and gait measurements within 1 h, saline or analgesic was injected in sequence at 15-min intervals. In this way, we at most had to handle 4 rats simultaneously. In addition, to save time, we pre-trained these rats to perform uninterrupted runs on the CatWalk track and D...
CatWalk ™ XT Analysis
The CatWalk ™ XT gait system (abbreviated here as CatWalk ™ ) consists of an enclosed walkway on a glass plate allowing a rodent to move from one side to the other [ ]. Green light enters at the long edge of the plate and is completely internally reflected. Light is able to escape only at areas where the...
- Use
- The CatWalk ™ XT gait system (abbreviated here as CatWalk ™ ) consists of an enclosed walkway on a glass plate allowing a rodent to move from one side to the other [ ]. Green light enters at the long edge of the plate and is completely internally reflected. Light is able to escape only at areas where the...
CatWalk ™ XT Analysis
The 3D footprint intensity tab plots the print intensity of the 4 paws in each individual frame in which the paws contact the glass plate in a 3D chart. The intensity varies from 0 to 255 and is represented by different colors. The 3D chart can be rotated in all directions.
- Use
- The 3D footprint intensity tab plots the print intensity of the 4 paws in each individual frame in which the paws contact the glass plate in a 3D chart. The intensity varies from 0 to 255 and is represented by different colors. The 3D chart can be rotated in all directions.
CatWalk ™ XT Analysis
Before experiments, animals were trained to make uninterrupted runs within 3.0 s. Measurements were taken at 7 days or 9 days after SNI surgery or CFA injection. Each rat was placed on the walkway repeatedly at intervals of at least 5 min to complete three uninterrupted runs for further analyses.
- Use
- Before experiments, animals were trained to make uninterrupted runs within 3.0 s. Measurements were taken at 7 days or 9 days after SNI surgery or CFA injection. Each rat was placed on the walkway repeatedly at intervals of at least 5 min to complete three uninterrupted runs for further analyses.
CatWalk ™ XT Analysis
Analyses of these recordings yielded many parameters, of which the following have been the most acknowledged and applied in pain models [ ]: (1) Coordination data (CatWalk-swing and CatWalk-duty cycle). CatWalk-swing is the duration of the swing phase during walking. Since the durations of the stance and swing phase...
- Use
- Analyses of these recordings yielded many parameters, of which the following have been the most acknowledged and applied in pain models [ ]: (1) Coordination data (CatWalk-swing and CatWalk-duty cycle). CatWalk-swing is the duration of the swing phase during walking. Since the durations of the stance and swing phase...
CatWalk ™ XT Analysis
To clearly illustrate the alteration of the intensity and print area data for the inflamed left hindpaw, we used the formula left hindpaw/right hindpaw (LH/RH) to remove the influence of confounding factors such as the weight and baseline level of the print area. The detection settings and gain of the camera were co...
- Use
- To clearly illustrate the alteration of the intensity and print area data for the inflamed left hindpaw, we used the formula left hindpaw/right hindpaw (LH/RH) to remove the influence of confounding factors such as the weight and baseline level of the print area. The detection settings and gain of the camera were co...
Statistical Analysis
Software used for acquisition, scoring, statistics, or reporting.
- Use
- All of the data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Prism 7.0 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). Two groups were compared using either the unpaired or paired Student's t test. Comparisons among groups receiving different treatments were made with two-way ANO...
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CatWalk ™ XT Analysis
Before experiments, animals were trained to make uninterrupted runs within 3.0 s. Measurements were taken at 7 days or 9 days after SNI surgery or CFA injection. Each rat was placed on the walkway repeatedly at intervals of at least 5 min to complete three uninterrupted runs for further analyses.
CatWalk ™ XT Analysis
Analyses of these recordings yielded many parameters, of which the following have been the most acknowledged and applied in pain models [ ]: (1) Coordination data (CatWalk-swing and CatWalk-duty cycle). CatWalk-swing is the duration of the swing phase during walking. Since the durations of the stance and swing phases depend on the walking speed and degree of dysfunction, these parameters are transformed to a fraction of the total step duration according to the following formula: CatWalk-duty cycle = (time in stance phase/time in single step). (2) Area data (CatWalk-max contact area and CatWalk-print area). CatWalk-max contact area is the maximum of total floor area in cm 2 from single images of the paw in the stance phase. CatWalk-print area is the total floor area in cm 2 summed from all images of the paw in the stance phase (compared to max contact area, this parameter reflects the...
DigiGait ™ Analysis
Before experiments, animals were trained to make uninterrupted runs for at least 3 step-cycles at a speed of at least 10 cm/s. Measurements were taken at 7 days or 9 days after SNI surgery or CFA injection. Each rat was placed on the treadmill repeatedly at intervals of at least 5 min to complete three uninterrupted runs (containing at least 3 step-cycles per run) for further analyses. The velocity of the treadmill was initially set at 10 cm/s and was gradually increased or decreased in 1 cm/s steps depending upon the rat's performance, to minimize the stress induced by forced movement.
Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Reflecting the Severity of Neuropathic Pain in the SNI Model
For the coordination data, the time of swing, duration (swing), and the percentage in stance (duty cycle) during a single step-cycle were calculated in both DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. On the treadmill or catwalk track, rats initially contacted the floor with the palm, then transferred to the toes, and ended with the heel. Transmitted by the remaining uninjured sural nerve, mechanical hypersensitivity due to central sensitization prompted the SNI rats to avoid bearing weight on the injured left hindpaw, resulting in a longer swing duration of that limb than the uninjured right hindlimb. In representative CatWalk ™ graphs of consecutive prints (Fig. D), the saline-swing (LH/RH) was 2.000, calculated as (19-11)/(19-15), and PGB decreased this ratio to 1.500, calculated as (28-16)/(28-20); the saline-duty cycle (LH/RH) was 0.733 [(11/15)/(15/19)], and PGB normalize...
Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Reflecting the Severity of Neuropathic Pain in the SNI Model
Furthermore, we analyzed the correlations between mechanical threshold and each gait parameter in DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. For the coordination data in both systems, significant correlations were found for the duration of swing ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.046; CatWalk ™: P = 0.049) but not for duty cycle ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.086; CatWalk ™: P = 0.060) (Fig. A, B). For the area data, DigiGait ™ -projected area and CatWalk ™ -max contact area and print area displayed no correlation with punctate allodynia (Fig. A, B). In addition, no correlation was detected with CatWalk ™ -mean intensity (Fig. G). Taken together, these statistics indicated that coordination data (swing) reflected the mechanical hypersensitivity in SNI rats, but the intensity and area data did not. Fig. 3 Coordination data are pain...
Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Detecting Alleviation of Gait Abnormalities in Response to Anal...
PGB (Lyrica®, Pfizer), FDA-approved for peripheral and central neuropathic pain, and especially associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and spinal cord injury in adults, was administered as an analgesic in the 22 SNI rats [, ]. PGB is an analogue of γ-aminobutyric acid with high affinity and selectivity for the α2δ subunit of voltage-sensitive Ca 2+ channels (~217 amino-acids) and inhibits their activity during pain transduction [ ]. Adverse effects of PGB such as balance disorder (~4%) and peripheral edema (8%) might confuse the observation of changes in gait parameters [ ]. However, the balance disorder is relatively severe and cannot be counteracted by calculations, so it is necessary to determine the proper dose of PGB with moderate analgesic action and minimal adverse effects. The maximal plasma level of PGB occurs 1 hR...
Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Reflecting the Severity of Inflammatory Pain in the CFA Model
Furthermore, correlation analyses were conducted between mechanical threshold and each gait parameter in DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. For the coordination data, in both systems, strong correlations were found with duration of swing ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.003; CatWalk ™: P = 0.003) and duty cycle ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.002; CatWalk ™: P = 0.130) (Fig. A, B). For area data, (1) DigiGait ™ -projected area and (2) CatWalk ™ -max contact area and print area displayed no correlation with punctate allodynia (Fig. A, B). In addition, a significant correlation was detected with CatWalk ™ -mean intensity ( n = 22, P = 0.050) (Fig. G). Thus, correlation statistics indicated that the coordination and intensity data, but not the area data, were correlated with the mechanical hypersensitivity in CFA rats. Fig....
Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Detecting Alleviation of Gait Abnormalities in Response to Anal...
A previous study in rats with chronic arthritis showed that 9 mg/kg subcutaneous (s.c.) tramadol slightly reduced the mechanical allodynia, 29 mg/kg s.c. tramadol induced moderate alleviation of punctate allodynia and joint hyperalgesia, and 88 mg/kg s.c. completely rescued these sensory abnormalities to baseline level at 30 min post-administration [ ]. In a sodium monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis model, 100 mg/kg oral tramadol (2 h prior to tests) normalized the CatWalk ™ -max contact area and swing speed [ ]. Taken together, these data led us to select the dose of 30 mg/kg tramadol, and the behavioral assessments were performed during 1 h-2 h after i.p. tramadol injection.
Measurement outputs
What raw and processed outputs should exist?
DigiGait™ contains a transparent treadmill on which animals are restricted under a polymethyl methacrylate cover and forced to walk/run at a fixed velocity (usually 5...
- Raw artifact
- Per-run gait capture with paw placement, timing, and stride features for each animal
- Processed artifact
- Cleaned gait metrics table and recovery trend summary across timepoints
- Reported as
- Group comparisons of gait indices, stride metrics, or recovery curves
Usually, SNI rats show a substantial decline of mechanical threshold in the first week after injury, and this hypersensitivity continues for months [ ]. Thus, we performed senso...
- Raw artifact
- Per-run gait capture with paw placement, timing, and stride features for each animal
- Processed artifact
- Cleaned gait metrics table and recovery trend summary across timepoints
- Reported as
- Group comparisons of gait indices, stride metrics, or recovery curves
Dynamic allodynia was evaluated by light stroking from heel to toe with a paintbrush (velocity ~2 cm/s). The habituation method and the stimulus location were identical to...
- Raw artifact
- Per-run gait capture with paw placement, timing, and stride features for each animal
- Processed artifact
- Cleaned gait metrics table and recovery trend summary across timepoints
- Reported as
- Group comparisons of gait indices, stride metrics, or recovery curves
The CatWalk ™ XT gait system (abbreviated here as CatWalk ™ ) consists of an enclosed walkway on a glass plate allowing a rodent to move from one side to the other [...
- Raw artifact
- Per-run gait capture with paw placement, timing, and stride features for each animal
- Processed artifact
- Cleaned gait metrics table and recovery trend summary across timepoints
- Reported as
- Group comparisons of gait indices, stride metrics, or recovery curves
Analysis plan
How should the outputs become interpretable results?
Acquisition
Capture run-level gait data for each animal and preserve the timepoint or treatment labeling.
inferred from protocolPreprocessing / cleaning
All of the data are presented as the mean ± SEM.
from paperScoring or quantification
Quantify the primary readouts for this experiment: DigiGait™ contains a transparent treadmill on which animals are restricted under a polymethyl methacrylate cover and forced to walk/run at a fixed velocity (usually 5...; Usually, SNI rats show a substantial decline of mechanical threshold in the first week after injury, and this hypersensitivity continues for months [ ]. Thus, we performed senso...; Dynamic allodynia was evaluated by light stroking from heel to toe with a paintbrush (velocity ~2 cm/s). The habituation method and the stimulus location were identical to...; The CatWalk ™ XT gait system (abbreviated here as CatWalk ™ ) consists of an enclosed walkway on a glass plate allowing a rodent to move from one side to the other [....
from paperStatistical comparison
All of the data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Prism 7.0 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). Two groups were compared us...; The experimental paradigm of the SNI model is shown Fig. A. First, the SNI operation dramatically decreased the mechanical threshold (von Frey) at 7 and 9 dpi compared to...; To evaluate the discriminatory efficiency of each gait parameter, the 22 rats were classified into three groups according to their rank in the mechanical threshold (upper, media...; Furthermore, we analyzed the correlations between mechanical threshold and each gait parameter in DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. For the coordination data in both system...
from paperReporting output
Report representative outputs alongside summary comparisons for DigiGait™ contains a transparent treadmill on which animals are restricted under a polymethyl methacrylate cover and forced to walk/run at a fixed velocity (usually 5..., Usually, SNI rats show a substantial decline of mechanical threshold in the first week after injury, and this hypersensitivity continues for months [ ]. Thus, we performed senso..., Dynamic allodynia was evaluated by light stroking from heel to toe with a paintbrush (velocity ~2 cm/s). The habituation method and the stimulus location were identical to..., The CatWalk ™ XT gait system (abbreviated here as CatWalk ™ ) consists of an enclosed walkway on a glass plate allowing a rodent to move from one side to the other [....
inferred from protocolStructured statistical methods
All of the data are presented as the mean ± SEM. Statistical analyses were performed using Prism 7.0 software (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA). Two groups were compared us...; The experimental paradigm of the SNI model is shown Fig. A. First, the SNI operation dramatically decreased the mechanical threshold (von Frey) at 7 and 9 dpi compared to...; To evaluate the discriminatory efficiency of each gait parameter, the 22 rats were classified into three groups according to their rank in the mechanical threshold (upper, media...; Furthermore, we analyzed the correlations between mechanical threshold and each gait parameter in DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. For the coordination data in both system...
source structuredSource and audit
What supports the facts on this page?
Evidence quotes (8)
Before experiments, animals were trained to make uninterrupted runs within 3.0 s. Measurements were taken at 7 days or 9 days after SNI surgery or CFA injection. Each rat was placed on the walkway repeatedly at intervals of at least 5 min to complete three uninterrupted runs for further analyses.
Analyses of these recordings yielded many parameters, of which the following have been the most acknowledged and applied in pain models [ ]: (1) Coordination data (CatWalk-swing and CatWalk-duty cycle). CatWalk-swing is the duration of the swing phase during walking. Since the durations of the stance and swing phases depend on the walking speed and degree of dysfunction, these parameters are transformed to a fraction of the total step duration according to the following formula: CatWalk-duty cycle = (time in stance phase/time in single step). (2) Area data (CatWalk-max contact area and CatWalk-print area). CatWalk-max contact area is the maximum of total floor area in cm 2 from single images of the paw in the stance phase. CatWalk-print area is the total floor area in cm 2 summed from all images of the paw in the stance phase (compared to max contact area, this parameter reflects the entire paw area from the third toe to the heel). (3) Intensity data (CatWalk-mean intensity). CatWalk-mean intensity is the mean intensity of the contact area of the hindpaw during a step cycle. This parameter is expressed in arbitrary units.
Before experiments, animals were trained to make uninterrupted runs for at least 3 step-cycles at a speed of at least 10 cm/s. Measurements were taken at 7 days or 9 days after SNI surgery or CFA injection. Each rat was placed on the treadmill repeatedly at intervals of at least 5 min to complete three uninterrupted runs (containing at least 3 step-cycles per run) for further analyses. The velocity of the treadmill was initially set at 10 cm/s and was gradually increased or decreased in 1 cm/s steps depending upon the rat's performance, to minimize the stress induced by forced movement.
For the coordination data, the time of swing, duration (swing), and the percentage in stance (duty cycle) during a single step-cycle were calculated in both DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. On the treadmill or catwalk track, rats initially contacted the floor with the palm, then transferred to the toes, and ended with the heel. Transmitted by the remaining uninjured sural nerve, mechanical hypersensitivity due to central sensitization prompted the SNI rats to avoid bearing weight on the injured left hindpaw, resulting in a longer swing duration of that limb than the uninjured right hindlimb. In representative CatWalk ™ graphs of consecutive prints (Fig. D), the saline-swing (LH/RH) was 2.000, calculated as (19-11)/(19-15), and PGB decreased this ratio to 1.500, calculated as (28-16)/(28-20); the saline-duty cycle (LH/RH) was 0.733 [(11/15)/(15/19)], and PGB normalized this ratio to 0.800 [(16/28)/(20/28)].
Furthermore, we analyzed the correlations between mechanical threshold and each gait parameter in DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. For the coordination data in both systems, significant correlations were found for the duration of swing ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.046; CatWalk ™: P = 0.049) but not for duty cycle ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.086; CatWalk ™: P = 0.060) (Fig. A, B). For the area data, DigiGait ™ -projected area and CatWalk ™ -max contact area and print area displayed no correlation with punctate allodynia (Fig. A, B). In addition, no correlation was detected with CatWalk ™ -mean intensity (Fig. G). Taken together, these statistics indicated that coordination data (swing) reflected the mechanical hypersensitivity in SNI rats, but the intensity and area data did not. Fig. 3 Coordination data are pain-related gait parameters in the SNI model. A Correlation analysis between mechanical threshold (x-axis) and DigiGait-swing (left y-axis) and DigiGait-duty cycle (right y-axis). Linear regression, * P < 0.05. B Correlation analysis between mechanical threshold (x-axis) and CatWalk-swing (l...
PGB (Lyrica®, Pfizer), FDA-approved for peripheral and central neuropathic pain, and especially associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and spinal cord injury in adults, was administered as an analgesic in the 22 SNI rats [, ]. PGB is an analogue of γ-aminobutyric acid with high affinity and selectivity for the α2δ subunit of voltage-sensitive Ca 2+ channels (~217 amino-acids) and inhibits their activity during pain transduction [ ]. Adverse effects of PGB such as balance disorder (~4%) and peripheral edema (8%) might confuse the observation of changes in gait parameters [ ]. However, the balance disorder is relatively severe and cannot be counteracted by calculations, so it is necessary to determine the proper dose of PGB with moderate analgesic action and minimal adverse effects. The maximal plasma level of PGB occurs 1 h-2 h after i.p. administration [ ]. In addition, the strongest analgesic action and limited side-effects occur during this period. Previous studies of PGB in a partial sciatic nerve ligation model have confirmed a slight (12.5 mg/kg) and moderate (25 mg/kg) alleviation of punctate a...
Furthermore, correlation analyses were conducted between mechanical threshold and each gait parameter in DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. For the coordination data, in both systems, strong correlations were found with duration of swing ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.003; CatWalk ™: P = 0.003) and duty cycle ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.002; CatWalk ™: P = 0.130) (Fig. A, B). For area data, (1) DigiGait ™ -projected area and (2) CatWalk ™ -max contact area and print area displayed no correlation with punctate allodynia (Fig. A, B). In addition, a significant correlation was detected with CatWalk ™ -mean intensity ( n = 22, P = 0.050) (Fig. G). Thus, correlation statistics indicated that the coordination and intensity data, but not the area data, were correlated with the mechanical hypersensitivity in CFA rats. Fig. 6 Coordination data are pain-related gait parameters in the CFA model. A Correlation analysis between mechanical threshold (x-axis) and DigiGait-swing (left y-axis) and DigiGait-duty cycle (right y-axis). Linear regression, ** P < 0.01. B Correlation analysis between mechanical threshold (x-axis) an...
A previous study in rats with chronic arthritis showed that 9 mg/kg subcutaneous (s.c.) tramadol slightly reduced the mechanical allodynia, 29 mg/kg s.c. tramadol induced moderate alleviation of punctate allodynia and joint hyperalgesia, and 88 mg/kg s.c. completely rescued these sensory abnormalities to baseline level at 30 min post-administration [ ]. In a sodium monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis model, 100 mg/kg oral tramadol (2 h prior to tests) normalized the CatWalk ™ -max contact area and swing speed [ ]. Taken together, these data led us to select the dose of 30 mg/kg tramadol, and the behavioral assessments were performed during 1 h-2 h after i.p. tramadol injection.
Machine-readable layer
[
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"name": "Gait Assessment of Pain and Analgesics: Comparison of the DigiGait™ and CatWalk™ Gait Imaging Systems methods",
"description": "Evidence-backed execution summary for Gait Assessment of Pain and Analgesics: Comparison of the DigiGait™ and CatWalk™ Gait Imaging Systems methods from Gait Assessment of Pain and Analgesics: Comparison of the DigiGait™ and CatWalk™ Gait Imaging Systems.",
"step": [
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
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"name": "CatWalk ™ XT Analysis",
"text": "Before experiments, animals were trained to make uninterrupted runs within 3.0 s. Measurements were taken at 7 days or 9 days after SNI surgery or CFA injection. Each rat was placed on the walkway repeatedly at intervals of at least 5 min to complete three uninterrupted runs for further analyses."
},
{
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"name": "CatWalk ™ XT Analysis",
"text": "Analyses of these recordings yielded many parameters, of which the following have been the most acknowledged and applied in pain models [ ]: (1) Coordination data (CatWalk-swing and CatWalk-duty cycle). CatWalk-swing is the duration of the swing phase during walking. Since the durations of the stance and swing phases depend on the walking speed and degree of dysfunction, these parameters are transformed to a fraction of the total step duration according to the following formula: CatWalk-duty cycle = (time in stance phase/time in single step). (2) Area data (CatWalk-max contact area and CatWalk-print area). CatWalk-max contact area is the maximum of total floor area in cm 2 from single images of the paw in the stance phase. CatWalk-print area is the total floor area in cm 2 summed from all images of the paw in the stance phase (compared to max contact area, this parameter reflects the..."
},
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"name": "DigiGait ™ Analysis",
"text": "Before experiments, animals were trained to make uninterrupted runs for at least 3 step-cycles at a speed of at least 10 cm/s. Measurements were taken at 7 days or 9 days after SNI surgery or CFA injection. Each rat was placed on the treadmill repeatedly at intervals of at least 5 min to complete three uninterrupted runs (containing at least 3 step-cycles per run) for further analyses. The velocity of the treadmill was initially set at 10 cm/s and was gradually increased or decreased in 1 cm/s steps depending upon the rat's performance, to minimize the stress induced by forced movement."
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"position": 4,
"name": "Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Reflecting the Severity of Neuropathic Pain in the SNI Model",
"text": "For the coordination data, the time of swing, duration (swing), and the percentage in stance (duty cycle) during a single step-cycle were calculated in both DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. On the treadmill or catwalk track, rats initially contacted the floor with the palm, then transferred to the toes, and ended with the heel. Transmitted by the remaining uninjured sural nerve, mechanical hypersensitivity due to central sensitization prompted the SNI rats to avoid bearing weight on the injured left hindpaw, resulting in a longer swing duration of that limb than the uninjured right hindlimb. In representative CatWalk ™ graphs of consecutive prints (Fig. D), the saline-swing (LH/RH) was 2.000, calculated as (19-11)/(19-15), and PGB decreased this ratio to 1.500, calculated as (28-16)/(28-20); the saline-duty cycle (LH/RH) was 0.733 [(11/15)/(15/19)], and PGB normalize..."
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"position": 5,
"name": "Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Reflecting the Severity of Neuropathic Pain in the SNI Model",
"text": "Furthermore, we analyzed the correlations between mechanical threshold and each gait parameter in DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. For the coordination data in both systems, significant correlations were found for the duration of swing ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.046; CatWalk ™: P = 0.049) but not for duty cycle ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.086; CatWalk ™: P = 0.060) (Fig. A, B). For the area data, DigiGait ™ -projected area and CatWalk ™ -max contact area and print area displayed no correlation with punctate allodynia (Fig. A, B). In addition, no correlation was detected with CatWalk ™ -mean intensity (Fig. G). Taken together, these statistics indicated that coordination data (swing) reflected the mechanical hypersensitivity in SNI rats, but the intensity and area data did not. Fig. 3 Coordination data are pain..."
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"position": 6,
"name": "Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Detecting Alleviation of Gait Abnormalities in Response to Anal...",
"text": "PGB (Lyrica®, Pfizer), FDA-approved for peripheral and central neuropathic pain, and especially associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and spinal cord injury in adults, was administered as an analgesic in the 22 SNI rats [, ]. PGB is an analogue of γ-aminobutyric acid with high affinity and selectivity for the α2δ subunit of voltage-sensitive Ca 2+ channels (~217 amino-acids) and inhibits their activity during pain transduction [ ]. Adverse effects of PGB such as balance disorder (~4%) and peripheral edema (8%) might confuse the observation of changes in gait parameters [ ]. However, the balance disorder is relatively severe and cannot be counteracted by calculations, so it is necessary to determine the proper dose of PGB with moderate analgesic action and minimal adverse effects. The maximal plasma level of PGB occurs 1 hR..."
},
{
"@type": "HowToStep",
"position": 7,
"name": "Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Reflecting the Severity of Inflammatory Pain in the CFA Model",
"text": "Furthermore, correlation analyses were conducted between mechanical threshold and each gait parameter in DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™. For the coordination data, in both systems, strong correlations were found with duration of swing ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.003; CatWalk ™: P = 0.003) and duty cycle ( n = 22, DigiGait ™: P = 0.002; CatWalk ™: P = 0.130) (Fig. A, B). For area data, (1) DigiGait ™ -projected area and (2) CatWalk ™ -max contact area and print area displayed no correlation with punctate allodynia (Fig. A, B). In addition, a significant correlation was detected with CatWalk ™ -mean intensity ( n = 22, P = 0.050) (Fig. G). Thus, correlation statistics indicated that the coordination and intensity data, but not the area data, were correlated with the mechanical hypersensitivity in CFA rats. Fig...."
},
{
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"position": 8,
"name": "Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Detecting Alleviation of Gait Abnormalities in Response to Anal...",
"text": "A previous study in rats with chronic arthritis showed that 9 mg/kg subcutaneous (s.c.) tramadol slightly reduced the mechanical allodynia, 29 mg/kg s.c. tramadol induced moderate alleviation of punctate allodynia and joint hyperalgesia, and 88 mg/kg s.c. completely rescued these sensory abnormalities to baseline level at 30 min post-administration [ ]. In a sodium monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis model, 100 mg/kg oral tramadol (2 h prior to tests) normalized the CatWalk ™ -max contact area and swing speed [ ]. Taken together, these data led us to select the dose of 30 mg/kg tramadol, and the behavioral assessments were performed during 1 h-2 h after i.p. tramadol injection."
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"@type": "HowToTool",
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"name": "Efficiency of DigiGait ™ and CatWalk ™ in Detecting Alleviation of Gait Abnormalities in Response to Anal..."
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"headline": "Gait Assessment of Pain and Analgesics: Comparison of the DigiGait™ and CatWalk™ Gait Imaging Systems",
"datePublished": "2019",
"author": [
{
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"name": "Yu Xu"
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{
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"name": "Na-Xi Tian"
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"name": "Qing-Yang Bai"
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"@type": "Person",
"name": "Qi Chen"
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"name": "Xiao-Hong Sun"
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"name": "Yun Wang"
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"identifier": "10.1007/s12264-018-00331-y"
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