Immaturities in Reward Processing and Its Influence on Inhibitory Control in Adolescence methods
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Eye Tracking
Subjects were first tested in our behavioral laboratory within 1 week prior to scanning to confirm that they understood and were able to perform the task as described. In the MR scanning environment, eye movements were obtained with a long-range optics eye-tracking system (Model 504LRO; Applied Science Laboratories, Bedford, MA) that recorded eye position by pupil-corneal reflection obtained by a mirror mounted on the head coil with a resolution of 0.5° of visual angle. Simultaneous video monitoring was also used to assure task compliance. At the beginning of the experimental session and between runs when necessary, a 9-point calibration procedure was performed. Stimuli were presented using E-Prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA), projected onto a flat screen positioned behind the magnet. Subjects viewed the screen using a mirror mounted on a standard radiofrequ...
fMRI Acquisition and Preprocessing
Analysis of functional neuro-images ( ) was used for individual subject deconvolution as well as group statistical analyses. Deconvolution methods followed steps delineated in Ward (2002). Briefly, our model consisted of 6 orthogonal regressors of interest (reward cue, neutral cue, reward preparation, neutral preparation, reward saccade response, neutral saccade response; "correct AS trials only"). We also included regressors for reward and neutral error trials (consisting of the entire trial), regressors for baseline, linear, and nonlinear trends, as well as 6 motion parameters included as "nuisance" regressors. A unique estimated impulse response function (IRF, i.e., hemodynamic response function) for each regressor of interest (reward and neutral cue, preparation, and saccade; "correct AS trials only") was determined by a weighted linear sum of 5...
Time Course Analyses
Estimated IRF values obtained from each subject's deconvolution analysis were entered into an omnibus voxelwise analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time (0 through 12 TR), incentive type (reward, neutral), and age group (adolescent, adult) as fixed factors and subjects as the random factor. Deconvolution methods for our task design, where different stages of a trial are identified, generate estimated IRFs. The IRF reflects the estimated BOLD response to a type of stimulus (e.g., the reward cue) after controlling for variations in the BOLD signal due to other regressors. The mean IRF (also referred to as the mean estimated time course, below) plots show the average (across subjects) estimated BOLD response from the onset of the stimulus (time = 0) to 18-s poststimulus onset. The 18-s duration, a parameter that we specified in our deconvolution model, is an appropriate duration for a typi...
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Subjects were first tested in our behavioral laboratory within 1 week prior to scanning to confirm that they understood and were able to perform the task as described. In the MR scanning environment, eye movements were obtained with a long-range optics eye-tracking system (Model 504LRO; Applied Science Laboratories, Bedford, MA) that recorded eye position by pupil-corneal reflection obtained by a mirror mounted on the head coil with a resolution of 0.5° of visual angle. Simultaneous video monitoring was also used to assure task compliance. At the beginning of the experimental session and between runs when necessary, a 9-point calibration procedure was performed. Stimuli were presented using E-Prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA), projected onto a flat screen positioned behind the magnet. Subjects viewed the screen using a mirror mounted on a standard radiofrequency head coil. Eye data were scored off-line using ILAB software ( ) and an in-house scoring suite written in MATLAB (MathWorks, Inc.) running on a Dell Dimension 8300 PC. Variables of interest included correct and incorrect AS latencies and correct AS response rate (1 minus the number of inhibitor...
Analysis of functional neuro-images ( ) was used for individual subject deconvolution as well as group statistical analyses. Deconvolution methods followed steps delineated in Ward (2002). Briefly, our model consisted of 6 orthogonal regressors of interest (reward cue, neutral cue, reward preparation, neutral preparation, reward saccade response, neutral saccade response; "correct AS trials only"). We also included regressors for reward and neutral error trials (consisting of the entire trial), regressors for baseline, linear, and nonlinear trends, as well as 6 motion parameters included as "nuisance" regressors. A unique estimated impulse response function (IRF, i.e., hemodynamic response function) for each regressor of interest (reward and neutral cue, preparation, and saccade; "correct AS trials only") was determined by a weighted linear sum of 5 sine basis functions multiplied by a data determined least squares-estimated beta weight. The estimated IRF reflects the estimated BOLD response to a type of stimulus (e.g., the reward cue) after controlling for variations in the BOLD signal due to other regressors. We specified the duration...
Estimated IRF values obtained from each subject's deconvolution analysis were entered into an omnibus voxelwise analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time (0 through 12 TR), incentive type (reward, neutral), and age group (adolescent, adult) as fixed factors and subjects as the random factor. Deconvolution methods for our task design, where different stages of a trial are identified, generate estimated IRFs. The IRF reflects the estimated BOLD response to a type of stimulus (e.g., the reward cue) after controlling for variations in the BOLD signal due to other regressors. The mean IRF (also referred to as the mean estimated time course, below) plots show the average (across subjects) estimated BOLD response from the onset of the stimulus (time = 0) to 18-s poststimulus onset. The 18-s duration, a parameter that we specified in our deconvolution model, is an appropriate duration for a typical hemodynamic response evoked by a short duration stimulus to return to baseline.
Machine-readable layer
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