02 · Shopping and prep

Shopping and prep list

What do I need before I start?

biologicalsource linked

human

Subject model for the experiment.

Use: confirm full cohort details in the source paper

Thirty-eight healthy subjects (22 adolescents and 16 adults) were initially recruited for this study. Imaging data from 4 adolescents were excluded from analyses due to excessive head motion in the scanner. The remaining 34 subjects (18 adolescents [aged 13-17 years, M = 15.3 {±1.5}, 8 females], and 16 young adults [aged 18-30 years, M = 21.7 {±2.9}, 10 females]) met the following inclusion criteria: All had far visual acuity of at least 20/40 (corrected or uncorrected) and medical histories that revealed no neurological disease, brain injury, or major psychiatric illness in the subject or first degree relatives determined by interview. Age ranges for each group were selected based on previous work indicating differential behavioral performance levels on the AS task (; ). Participants and/or their legal guardians provided informed consent or assent prior to participating in this study. Experimental procedures for this study complied with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (1964 Declaration of Helsinki) and the Institutional Review Board at the University of Pittsburgh. Subjects were paid for their participation in the study.Confirm cohort

instrumentsource linked

Materials and Methods

Use: Thirty-eight healthy subjects (22 adolescents and 16 adults) were initially recruited for this study. Imaging data from 4 adolescents were excluded from analyses due to excessive head motion in the scanner. The remaining 34 subjects (18 adolescents [aged 13-17 years, M = 15.3 {±1.5}, 8 females], and 16 yo...

source-linked evidence quoteConfirm apparatus

instrumentsource linked

Eye Tracking

Use: Subjects were first tested in our behavioral laboratory within 1 week prior to scanning to confirm that they understood and were able to perform the task as described. In the MR scanning environment, eye movements were obtained with a long-range optics eye-tracking system (Model 504LRO; Applied Science Laboratories,...

source-linked evidence quoteConfirm apparatus

03 · Execution checks

Before you run

What should be confirmed before execution?

First confirmation

Equipment is listed but no product mappings are linked.

Confirm before execution

This page is backed by a publishable Replication Data Ledger package with zero critical source-verification issues.

Confirm before execution

Open the source paper before finalizing run-specific details.

Procurement checkpoint

Use source-stated vendors where present. Treat mapped products as sourcing options unless the page marks an exact source match.

Open quote workflow

04 · Procedure

Step-by-step procedure

What do I do, in order?

01extracted step

1 evidence link

Eye Tracking

Subjects were first tested in our behavioral laboratory within 1 week prior to scanning to confirm that they understood and were able to perform the task as described. In the MR scanning environment, eye movements were obtained with a long-range optics eye-tracking system (Model 504LRO; Applied Science Laboratories, Bedford, MA) that recorded eye position by pupil-corneal reflection obtained by a mirror mounted on the head coil with a resolution of 0.5° of visual angle. Simultaneous video monitoring was also used to assure task compliance. At the beginning of the experimental session and between runs when necessary, a 9-point calibration procedure was performed. Stimuli were presented using E-Prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA), projected onto a flat screen positioned behind the magnet. Subjects viewed the screen using a mirror mounted on a standard radiofrequ...

NeededEye Tracking

Timing1 week

ConditionsDirectly quoted from source evidence; verify all lab-specific constraints against the source paper before execution.

OutputWithin each "main effect of time" image, functionally defined ROIs (also referred to as "clusters," below) were next identified using methods already est...

02extracted step

1 evidence link

fMRI Acquisition and Preprocessing

Analysis of functional neuro-images ( ) was used for individual subject deconvolution as well as group statistical analyses. Deconvolution methods followed steps delineated in Ward (2002). Briefly, our model consisted of 6 orthogonal regressors of interest (reward cue, neutral cue, reward preparation, neutral preparation, reward saccade response, neutral saccade response; "correct AS trials only"). We also included regressors for reward and neutral error trials (consisting of the entire trial), regressors for baseline, linear, and nonlinear trends, as well as 6 motion parameters included as "nuisance" regressors. A unique estimated impulse response function (IRF, i.e., hemodynamic response function) for each regressor of interest (reward and neutral cue, preparation, and saccade; "correct AS trials only") was determined by a weighted linear sum of 5...

Neededsource paper and local SOP

Timingnot specified

ConditionsDirectly quoted from source evidence; verify all lab-specific constraints against the source paper before execution.

OutputWithin each "main effect of time" image, functionally defined ROIs (also referred to as "clusters," below) were next identified using methods already est...

03extracted step

1 evidence link

Time Course Analyses

Estimated IRF values obtained from each subject's deconvolution analysis were entered into an omnibus voxelwise analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time (0 through 12 TR), incentive type (reward, neutral), and age group (adolescent, adult) as fixed factors and subjects as the random factor. Deconvolution methods for our task design, where different stages of a trial are identified, generate estimated IRFs. The IRF reflects the estimated BOLD response to a type of stimulus (e.g., the reward cue) after controlling for variations in the BOLD signal due to other regressors. The mean IRF (also referred to as the mean estimated time course, below) plots show the average (across subjects) estimated BOLD response from the onset of the stimulus (time = 0) to 18-s poststimulus onset. The 18-s duration, a parameter that we specified in our deconvolution model, is an appropriate duration for a typi...

Neededsource paper and local SOP

Timingnot specified

ConditionsDirectly quoted from source evidence; verify all lab-specific constraints against the source paper before execution.

OutputWithin each "main effect of time" image, functionally defined ROIs (also referred to as "clusters," below) were next identified using methods already est...

05 · Measurement

Measurement outputs

What raw and processed outputs should exist?

from paper

Within each "main effect of time" image, functionally defined ROIs (also referred to as "clusters," below) were next identified using methods already est...

Raw artifact: Field or section images captured from matched samples
Processed artifact: Selected representative panels with quantified intensity, counts, or area measurements
Reported as: Per-group imaging summaries with representative figures and quantified endpoints

from paper

Analysis of functional neuro-images ( ) was used for individual subject deconvolution as well as group statistical analyses. Deconvolution methods followed steps delineated in W...

Raw artifact: Field or section images captured from matched samples
Processed artifact: Selected representative panels with quantified intensity, counts, or area measurements
Reported as: Per-group imaging summaries with representative figures and quantified endpoints

from paper

Estimated IRF values obtained from each subject's deconvolution analysis were entered into an omnibus voxelwise analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time (0 through 12 TR), incenti...

Raw artifact: Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact: Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Reported as: Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons

from paper

As a validity check for our deconvolved time courses from the separate trial epochs, we sought to verify that the sum of the individual trial components would result in a typica...

Raw artifact: Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact: Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Reported as: Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons

06 · Analysis

Analysis plan

How should the outputs become interpretable results?

Acquisition

Collect raw experimental outputs with enough metadata to preserve sample identity, condition, and timing.

inferred from protocol

Preprocessing / cleaning

Within each "main effect of time" image, functionally defined ROIs (also referred to as "clusters," below) were next identified using methods already established in the literature (; ).

from paper

Scoring or quantification

Quantify the primary readouts for this experiment: Within each "main effect of time" image, functionally defined ROIs (also referred to as "clusters," below) were next identified using methods already est...; Analysis of functional neuro-images ( ) was used for individual subject deconvolution as well as group statistical analyses. Deconvolution methods followed steps delineated in W...; Estimated IRF values obtained from each subject's deconvolution analysis were entered into an omnibus voxelwise analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time (0 through 12 TR), incenti...; As a validity check for our deconvolved time courses from the separate trial epochs, we sought to verify that the sum of the individual trial components would result in a typica....

from paper

Statistical comparison

Within each "main effect of time" image, functionally defined ROIs (also referred to as "clusters," below) were next identified using methods already est...; Analysis of functional neuro-images ( ) was used for individual subject deconvolution as well as group statistical analyses. Deconvolution methods followed steps delineated in W...; Estimated IRF values obtained from each subject's deconvolution analysis were entered into an omnibus voxelwise analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time (0 through 12 TR), incenti...; A distributed network of brain regions was engaged during each trial epoch in both adults and adolescents, including expected oculomotor control regions (e.g., cortical eye fiel...

from paper

Reporting output

Report representative outputs alongside summary comparisons for Within each "main effect of time" image, functionally defined ROIs (also referred to as "clusters," below) were next identified using methods already est..., Analysis of functional neuro-images ( ) was used for individual subject deconvolution as well as group statistical analyses. Deconvolution methods followed steps delineated in W..., Estimated IRF values obtained from each subject's deconvolution analysis were entered into an omnibus voxelwise analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time (0 through 12 TR), incenti..., As a validity check for our deconvolved time courses from the separate trial epochs, we sought to verify that the sum of the individual trial components would result in a typica....

inferred from protocol

Structured statistical methods

source structured

07 · Source layer

Source and audit

What supports the facts on this page?

Source identityavailable

Structured protocolavailable

Methods evidenceavailable

Materials/equipment listedavailable

Specific product linksneeds review

Evidence quotes (3)

Subjects were first tested in our behavioral laboratory within 1 week prior to scanning to confirm that they understood and were able to perform the task as described. In the MR scanning environment, eye movements were obtained with a long-range optics eye-tracking system (Model 504LRO; Applied Science Laboratories, Bedford, MA) that recorded eye position by pupil-corneal reflection obtained by a mirror mounted on the head coil with a resolution of 0.5° of visual angle. Simultaneous video monitoring was also used to assure task compliance. At the beginning of the experimental session and between runs when necessary, a 9-point calibration procedure was performed. Stimuli were presented using E-Prime (Psychology Software Tools, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA), projected onto a flat screen positioned behind the magnet. Subjects viewed the screen using a mirror mounted on a standard radiofrequency head coil. Eye data were scored off-line using ILAB software ( ) and an in-house scoring suite written in MATLAB (MathWorks, Inc.) running on a Dell Dimension 8300 PC. Variables of interest included correct and incorrect AS latencies and correct AS response rate (1 minus the number of inhibitor...
Source method evidence

Analysis of functional neuro-images ( ) was used for individual subject deconvolution as well as group statistical analyses. Deconvolution methods followed steps delineated in Ward (2002). Briefly, our model consisted of 6 orthogonal regressors of interest (reward cue, neutral cue, reward preparation, neutral preparation, reward saccade response, neutral saccade response; "correct AS trials only"). We also included regressors for reward and neutral error trials (consisting of the entire trial), regressors for baseline, linear, and nonlinear trends, as well as 6 motion parameters included as "nuisance" regressors. A unique estimated impulse response function (IRF, i.e., hemodynamic response function) for each regressor of interest (reward and neutral cue, preparation, and saccade; "correct AS trials only") was determined by a weighted linear sum of 5 sine basis functions multiplied by a data determined least squares-estimated beta weight. The estimated IRF reflects the estimated BOLD response to a type of stimulus (e.g., the reward cue) after controlling for variations in the BOLD signal due to other regressors. We specified the duration...
Source method evidence

Estimated IRF values obtained from each subject's deconvolution analysis were entered into an omnibus voxelwise analysis of variance (ANOVA) with time (0 through 12 TR), incentive type (reward, neutral), and age group (adolescent, adult) as fixed factors and subjects as the random factor. Deconvolution methods for our task design, where different stages of a trial are identified, generate estimated IRFs. The IRF reflects the estimated BOLD response to a type of stimulus (e.g., the reward cue) after controlling for variations in the BOLD signal due to other regressors. The mean IRF (also referred to as the mean estimated time course, below) plots show the average (across subjects) estimated BOLD response from the onset of the stimulus (time = 0) to 18-s poststimulus onset. The 18-s duration, a parameter that we specified in our deconvolution model, is an appropriate duration for a typical hemodynamic response evoked by a short duration stimulus to return to baseline.
Source method evidence

Machine-readable layer

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DOI PMC 100% completeness score