Low-Cost Avoidance Behaviors are Resistant to Fear Extinction in Humans methods
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Materials
The conditional stimuli were pictures of an office room with an desk top lamp that could color yellow or blue (taken from Milad et al., ), presented on a computer screen located on eye-level in front of the participant at approximately 500 mm. The avoidance stimulus was a picture of a red button that could appear over the room pictures (top left). Danger-safety ratings were measured on a trial-by-trial basis during each room picture presentation. A vertical scale was presented on the left of the screen with three options from low to high: "Safe, Uncertain, Danger" (translated from Dutch). Participants could move over the scale by using the computer mouse, and completed their rating by clicking on the left mouse button. A 2 ms electrocutaneous shock delivered to the forearm of the left hand served as unconditional stimulus (US). It was administered by a Digitimer DS7A const...
Materials
Electrodermal activity was recorded using a skin conductance coupler manufactured by Colbourn Instruments (model V71-23, Allentown, PA). During skin conductance measurement, the coupler applied a constant voltage of 0.5 V across a pair of sintered-pellet silver chloride electrodes (8 mm), attached to the hypothenar palm of the left hand. The inter-electrode distance was approximately 10 mm. The electrodes were filled with K-Y Jelly. The resulting conductance signal was submitted through a Labmaster DMA 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (Scientific Solutions, Solon, Ohio) and digitized at 10 Hz from 2 s prior to CS onset until 6 s after CS offset.
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The room pictures were always presented for 12 s. Three seconds after room picture onset, the lamp colored yellow or blue for the remaining 9 s. One second after lamp coloring onset, the red button appeared for 2 s (on trials that contained the red button). Two seconds later, the rating scale appeared until the participant clicked on it or until the picture disappeared from the screen (during Pavlovian conditioning, the rating scale appeared 2 s earlier). The electrical shock was delivered at 500 ms before picture offset (on CSP trials during some phases). Inter-trial intervals varied between 13 and 17 s, with a mean of 15 s. The experiment consisted of five phases: Fear conditioning, avoidance conditioning, fear extinction with response prevention, avoidance test, and reextinction test (see Figure ). All phases occurred consecutively without interruptions. The fear conditioning phase...
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The conditional stimuli were pictures of an office room with an desk top lamp that could color yellow or blue (taken from Milad et al., ), presented on a computer screen located on eye-level in front of the participant at approximately 500 mm. The avoidance stimulus was a picture of a red button that could appear over the room pictures (top left). Danger-safety ratings were measured on a trial-by-trial basis during each room picture presentation. A vertical scale was presented on the left of the screen with three options from low to high: "Safe, Uncertain, Danger" (translated from Dutch). Participants could move over the scale by using the computer mouse, and completed their rating by clicking on the left mouse button. A 2 ms electrocutaneous shock delivered to the forearm of the left hand served as unconditional stimulus (US). It was administered by a Digitimer DS7A constant current stimulator (Hertfordshire, UK) via a pair of 11-mm Fukuda Standard AG/AGCl electrodes, filled with K-Y Jelly. The intensity of the shock was individually selected to a level where it was "uncomfortable but not painful." Participants were seated in an armchair in a sound atten...
Electrodermal activity was recorded using a skin conductance coupler manufactured by Colbourn Instruments (model V71-23, Allentown, PA). During skin conductance measurement, the coupler applied a constant voltage of 0.5 V across a pair of sintered-pellet silver chloride electrodes (8 mm), attached to the hypothenar palm of the left hand. The inter-electrode distance was approximately 10 mm. The electrodes were filled with K-Y Jelly. The resulting conductance signal was submitted through a Labmaster DMA 12-bit analog-to-digital converter (Scientific Solutions, Solon, Ohio) and digitized at 10 Hz from 2 s prior to CS onset until 6 s after CS offset.
The room pictures were always presented for 12 s. Three seconds after room picture onset, the lamp colored yellow or blue for the remaining 9 s. One second after lamp coloring onset, the red button appeared for 2 s (on trials that contained the red button). Two seconds later, the rating scale appeared until the participant clicked on it or until the picture disappeared from the screen (during Pavlovian conditioning, the rating scale appeared 2 s earlier). The electrical shock was delivered at 500 ms before picture offset (on CSP trials during some phases). Inter-trial intervals varied between 13 and 17 s, with a mean of 15 s. The experiment consisted of five phases: Fear conditioning, avoidance conditioning, fear extinction with response prevention, avoidance test, and reextinction test (see Figure ). All phases occurred consecutively without interruptions. The fear conditioning phase consisted of two presentations of the yellow and the blue light, where the blue light (CSP) was always followed by the US, while the yellow light was not (CSM). During the subsequent avoidance conditioning phase, the red button appeared during all eight CSP and CSM presentations. Next, both the but...
Machine-readable layer
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