Manganese transporter Slc39a14 deficiency revealed its key role in maintaining manganese homeostasis in mice methods
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Loss of Slc39a14 expression leads to Mn accumulation
Slc39a14 has been reported to transport several metals, including Mn [ ], zinc (Zn) [ ] and iron (Fe) [ ]. Therefore, we used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure the levels of various metals in Slc39a14 -/- and wild-type mice [,, ]. Interestingly, compared with age-matched wild-type controls, at 48 weeks of age the Slc39a14 -/- mice had significantly higher levels of Mn in a wide range of tissues, including the serum, brain, kidney, lung, heart and spleen ( ); Mn levels in the liver and intestine were similar between wild-type and Slc39a14 -/- mice. We found no significant differences between wild-type and Slc39a14 -/- mice with respect to Fe, Zn or Cu in any tissues ( ), with the exception of a slight yet significant increase in serum Fe levels ( ). Taken together, these data indicate that Slc39a14 is pred...
Loss of Slc39a14 expression leads to Mn accumulation
As early as 8 weeks of age, Slc39a14 -/- mice have brain Mn levels that are ~10-fold higher than age-matched wild-type control mice. We therefore tested whether the effects of Mn accumulation could be reduced by treating mice with the metal chelator Na 2 CaEDTA. At 5 months of age, we treated wild-type and Slc39a14 -/- mice with Na 2 CaEDTA for 4 weeks using a standard therapeutic protocol [, ]. Chelation therapy had no effect on serum Mn levels ( ) or rotarod performance ( ) in wild-type mice; however, in Slc39a14 -/- mice, Na 2 CaEDTA treatment significantly reduced serum Mn levels (from 0.1 ng µl -1 to 0.05 ng µl -1; ) and significantly improved performance on the rotarod test ( ).
High dietary Mn does not lead to hepatic Mn accumulation in hepatocyte-specific Slc39a14 -knockout mice
Given the systemic accumulation of Mn in Slc39a14 -/- mice, and that the liver is the primary storage site for Slc39a14-mediated Mn uptake in mice, we hypothesized that feeding hepatocyte-specific Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + mice a high Mn diet might increase their brain Mn levels. We therefore fed newly weaned Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + and control ( Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre - ) mice a purified AIN-93G diet containing either a normal (10 p.p.m.) or high (2 400 p.p.m.) concentration of Mn [ ]. After 30 days on a high Mn diet, neither body weight ( ) nor rotarod performance ( ) differed between Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + and control mice; we also found no difference between mice fed a normal Mn diet and mice fed a high Mn diet (compare with, respectively). However, the high Mn diet increased serum Mn levels in both Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + and control m...
Dietary Mn supplementation in hepatocyte-specific Slc39a14 -knockout mice
Control ( Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre - ) and Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + mice were fed a purified AIN-93G diet containing either normal (10 p.p.m.) Mn (diet D08080401) or high (2 400 p.p.m.) Mn (diet D17020702) for 30 days. Based on a previous study, 2 400 p.p.m. of dietary Mn does not induce toxicity [ ]. During the 30-day feeding period, body weight, motor performance and ICP-MS metal analysis were performed as described above.
Behavioral testing
To analyze the animals' gait, we used the CatWalk XT system [ ] (Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands). To measure the gait, the mouse was placed on a glass plate and allowed to walk along a narrow walkway, with a green light on the walkway and a red ceiling light to illuminate the mouse; a camera was used to record the mouse's paw placement while walking. During the test, the mouse was placed in an enclosed box at the end of the walkway and allowed to acclimate for 10 min, after which the lights were turned off, and the mouse was allowed to walk from the beginning of the walkway to the end of the walkway and enter the box. A successful trial was defined as the mouse taking ⩽10 s to cross the field of vision of a video camera that was used to capture the mouse's movement, which was analyzed by CatWalk XT software based on the...
Laboratory measurements for ICP-MS detection
These methods were performed as previously described [,,, ]. Approximately 10-200 mg of each organ was placed in a 25-ml PFA vial with a screw cap and digested with 3.4 ml of concentrated EMSURE nitric acid solution (65%, 1.39 g ml -1, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The following microwave program was used for digestion: the temperature of the sample was ramped from room temperature to 200 degrees by microwaving at 1 000 W for 20 min; the microwave power was then held at 1 000 W for an additional 30 min, followed by a 15-min cooling step. The total digestion time was therefore 65 min. The digested samples were dried by heating and immediately diluted to a final volume of 5 ml in high-purity deionized water (18 MΩ cm -1 resistivity) obtained from a Milli-Q Integral 10 purificatio...
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Gait recovery and locomotor function
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Protein expression by western blot
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Evidence quotes (6)
Slc39a14 has been reported to transport several metals, including Mn [ ], zinc (Zn) [ ] and iron (Fe) [ ]. Therefore, we used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure the levels of various metals in Slc39a14 -/- and wild-type mice [,, ]. Interestingly, compared with age-matched wild-type controls, at 48 weeks of age the Slc39a14 -/- mice had significantly higher levels of Mn in a wide range of tissues, including the serum, brain, kidney, lung, heart and spleen ( ); Mn levels in the liver and intestine were similar between wild-type and Slc39a14 -/- mice. We found no significant differences between wild-type and Slc39a14 -/- mice with respect to Fe, Zn or Cu in any tissues ( ), with the exception of a slight yet significant increase in serum Fe levels ( ). Taken together, these data indicate that Slc39a14 is predominantly a Mn transporter.
As early as 8 weeks of age, Slc39a14 -/- mice have brain Mn levels that are ~10-fold higher than age-matched wild-type control mice. We therefore tested whether the effects of Mn accumulation could be reduced by treating mice with the metal chelator Na 2 CaEDTA. At 5 months of age, we treated wild-type and Slc39a14 -/- mice with Na 2 CaEDTA for 4 weeks using a standard therapeutic protocol [, ]. Chelation therapy had no effect on serum Mn levels ( ) or rotarod performance ( ) in wild-type mice; however, in Slc39a14 -/- mice, Na 2 CaEDTA treatment significantly reduced serum Mn levels (from 0.1 ng µl -1 to 0.05 ng µl -1; ) and significantly improved performance on the rotarod test ( ).
Given the systemic accumulation of Mn in Slc39a14 -/- mice, and that the liver is the primary storage site for Slc39a14-mediated Mn uptake in mice, we hypothesized that feeding hepatocyte-specific Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + mice a high Mn diet might increase their brain Mn levels. We therefore fed newly weaned Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + and control ( Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre - ) mice a purified AIN-93G diet containing either a normal (10 p.p.m.) or high (2 400 p.p.m.) concentration of Mn [ ]. After 30 days on a high Mn diet, neither body weight ( ) nor rotarod performance ( ) differed between Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + and control mice; we also found no difference between mice fed a normal Mn diet and mice fed a high Mn diet (compare with, respectively). However, the high Mn diet increased serum Mn levels in both Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + and control mice, with a much stronger effect on the Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + mice ( ).
Control ( Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre - ) and Slc39a14 fl/fl;Alb-Cre + mice were fed a purified AIN-93G diet containing either normal (10 p.p.m.) Mn (diet D08080401) or high (2 400 p.p.m.) Mn (diet D17020702) for 30 days. Based on a previous study, 2 400 p.p.m. of dietary Mn does not induce toxicity [ ]. During the 30-day feeding period, body weight, motor performance and ICP-MS metal analysis were performed as described above.
To analyze the animals' gait, we used the CatWalk XT system [ ] (Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands). To measure the gait, the mouse was placed on a glass plate and allowed to walk along a narrow walkway, with a green light on the walkway and a red ceiling light to illuminate the mouse; a camera was used to record the mouse's paw placement while walking. During the test, the mouse was placed in an enclosed box at the end of the walkway and allowed to acclimate for 10 min, after which the lights were turned off, and the mouse was allowed to walk from the beginning of the walkway to the end of the walkway and enter the box. A successful trial was defined as the mouse taking ⩽10 s to cross the field of vision of a video camera that was used to capture the mouse's movement, which was analyzed by CatWalk XT software based on the mouse's limbs. Each mouse successfully completed three trials on each training day and two trials on the test day.
These methods were performed as previously described [,,, ]. Approximately 10-200 mg of each organ was placed in a 25-ml PFA vial with a screw cap and digested with 3.4 ml of concentrated EMSURE nitric acid solution (65%, 1.39 g ml -1, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The following microwave program was used for digestion: the temperature of the sample was ramped from room temperature to 200 degrees by microwaving at 1 000 W for 20 min; the microwave power was then held at 1 000 W for an additional 30 min, followed by a 15-min cooling step. The total digestion time was therefore 65 min. The digested samples were dried by heating and immediately diluted to a final volume of 5 ml in high-purity deionized water (18 MΩ cm -1 resistivity) obtained from a Milli-Q Integral 10 purification system (EMD Millipore Corporation, Darmstadt, Germany). Multi-element standard solutions containing Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu were prepared by diluting and mixing individual element standard stock solutions (1 000 µg ml -1 ) obtained from the National Institute of Quality Stan...
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"text": "To analyze the animals' gait, we used the CatWalk XT system [ ] (Noldus Information Technology, Wageningen, The Netherlands). To measure the gait, the mouse was placed on a glass plate and allowed to walk along a narrow walkway, with a green light on the walkway and a red ceiling light to illuminate the mouse; a camera was used to record the mouse's paw placement while walking. During the test, the mouse was placed in an enclosed box at the end of the walkway and allowed to acclimate for 10 min, after which the lights were turned off, and the mouse was allowed to walk from the beginning of the walkway to the end of the walkway and enter the box. A successful trial was defined as the mouse taking ⩽10 s to cross the field of vision of a video camera that was used to capture the mouse's movement, which was analyzed by CatWalk XT software based on the..."
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