02 · Shopping and prep

Shopping and prep list

What do I need before I start?

biologicalsource linked

human

Subject model for the experiment.

Use: confirm full cohort details in the source paper

It is remarkable to consider that, prior to the early 1960s, many believed that children with ASD were unlikely to respond to treatment. The early work of Charles Ferster and Marian DeMyer (Ferster and DeMyer, ) demonstrated that children with autism could indeed acquire new skills via an operant discrimination paradigm. During the 1960s and 70s, the study of operant learning treatment approaches for autism increased (Hingtgen et al.; Leff; Lovaas et al.; Mazuryk et al. ). Early work in this area demonstrated the effectiveness of operant methodology to teach a variety of skills: language (Lovaas et al.; Risley and Wolf ), social (Odom and Strain; Ragland et al.; Strain et al. ), play (Lewis and Boucher; Lifter et al.; Stahmer ), self-help (Ayllon and Azrin; Baker ), and academic skills (McGee and McCoy ) as well as to reduce the occurrence of "interfering" or challenging behaviors (Carr and Durand; Schreibman and Carr ). Even during these early years, parents were taught how to use strategies based on these principles of learning to improve their children's behavior at home (Berkowitz and Graziano ). This work reflected the new field of "applie...Confirm cohort

instrumentsource linked

Historical Context

First, parents began advocating for their children to receive early intensive behavioral intervention, which led to changes in educational policy and, more recently, insurance reform that increased availability and funding for early intervention. Second, discrete trial training (DTT), the behavioral intervention app...

Use: First, parents began advocating for their children to receive early intensive behavioral intervention, which led to changes in educational policy and, more recently, insurance reform that increased availability and funding for early intervention. Second, discrete trial training (DTT), the behavioral intervention app...

source-linked evidence quoteConfirm apparatus

instrumentsource linked

Future Research Directions on NDBIs with Children with ASD

Although researchers have made substantial progress in the development and refinement of NDBIs, they are not yet widely delivered in community settings (Hess et al.; Stahmer et al. ), thus limiting the range of types of intervention available to children and families. In order to increase choices and alternatives,...

Use: Although researchers have made substantial progress in the development and refinement of NDBIs, they are not yet widely delivered in community settings (Hess et al.; Stahmer et al. ), thus limiting the range of types of intervention available to children and families. In order to increase choices and alternatives,...

source-linked evidence quoteConfirm apparatus

03 · Execution checks

Before you run

What should be confirmed before execution?

First confirmation

Equipment is listed but no product mappings are linked.

Confirm before execution

This page is backed by a publishable Replication Data Ledger package with zero critical source-verification issues.

Confirm before execution

Open the source paper before finalizing run-specific details.

Procurement checkpoint

Use source-stated vendors where present. Treat mapped products as sourcing options unless the page marks an exact source match.

Open quote workflow

04 · Procedure

Step-by-step procedure

What do I do, in order?

01extracted step

1 evidence link

Nature of the Development-Enhancing Strategies

The development-enhancing strategies used within the NDBIs (see specific strategies below) work together to support high levels of success inside ecologically valid contexts, routines and materials within them. The motivating activities created as part of the intervention process begin as very simple action sequences, where contingencies between the child's behavior and a rewarding experience are highly predictable and salient. For example, a playful routine involving tickles when putting on the child's shirt during a dressing routine may be expanded to include receptive language skill building as well as social commenting. The child may be instructed to follow directions to 'get your shirt', where he must select the shirt from an array of other clothing, then encouraged to show his 'red shirt' to his sister by saying "Look! My red shirt!,R...

Neededsource paper and local SOP

Timingnot specified

ConditionsDirectly quoted from source evidence; verify all lab-specific constraints against the source paper before execution.

OutputIt is remarkable to consider that, prior to the early 1960s, many believed that children with ASD were unlikely to respond to treatment. The early work of Charles Ferster and Ma...

02extracted step

1 evidence link

Future Research Directions on NDBIs with Children with ASD

In the context of a history of studies demonstrating changes in IQ but relatively weaker changes in developmental outcomes such as core ASD symptoms and limited measurement of long term social functioning, it is important to extend measures of outcomes to include both proximal and distal estimates of functional changes in child behavior in everyday social contexts (e.g., parent-child interactions at home; interactions with peers in childcare or preschool). While there are studies reporting proximal outcomes (e.g., change within intervention sessions, in probes to untrained partners) few studies report change in everyday environments such as home and childcare settings. Observations of interactions with parents outside of the clinic or research setting and of child engagement, participation and demonstration of social and communication skills in child care or preschool settings a...

NeededFuture Research Directions on NDBIs with Children with ASD

Timingnot specified

ConditionsDirectly quoted from source evidence; verify all lab-specific constraints against the source paper before execution.

OutputIt is remarkable to consider that, prior to the early 1960s, many believed that children with ASD were unlikely to respond to treatment. The early work of Charles Ferster and Ma...

03extracted step

1 evidence link

Conclusion

Because NDBIs enjoy a strong research base that substantiates their efficacy for improving meaningful outcomes in young children with ASD, it is critical to disseminate this message and share this record of results with the research communities and the public sector. The public sector definition of "applied behavior analysis" is oftentimes wrongly equated with a specific method of ABA, DTT, rather than being understood as an umbrella of empirically based practices that are built on operant learning procedures. The remarkable work of many researchers, working in parallel in different locations and publishing independent and converging results on a wide range of NBDI approaches, have created a new generation of early intervention models whose common features and efficacy may not yet be widely known to parents, clinicians, physicians, and to funding agencies.

Neededsource paper and local SOP

Timingnot specified

ConditionsDirectly quoted from source evidence; verify all lab-specific constraints against the source paper before execution.

OutputIt is remarkable to consider that, prior to the early 1960s, many believed that children with ASD were unlikely to respond to treatment. The early work of Charles Ferster and Ma...

05 · Measurement

Measurement outputs

What raw and processed outputs should exist?

from paper

It is remarkable to consider that, prior to the early 1960s, many believed that children with ASD were unlikely to respond to treatment. The early work of Charles Ferster and Ma...

Raw artifact: Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact: Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Reported as: Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons

from paper

First, parents began advocating for their children to receive early intensive behavioral intervention, which led to changes in educational policy and, more recently, insurance r...

Raw artifact: Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact: Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Reported as: Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons

from paper

Interest in naturalistic behavioral methodologies occurred at about the same time that autism researchers were identifying early signs of autism in toddlers and discovering the...

Raw artifact: Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact: Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Reported as: Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons

from paper

Naturalistic behavioral interventions provided a different perspective and approach to handling unwanted and challenging behaviors, which led to a diminishment of their frequenc...

Raw artifact: Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact: Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Reported as: Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons

06 · Analysis

Analysis plan

How should the outputs become interpretable results?

Acquisition

Collect raw experimental outputs with enough metadata to preserve sample identity, condition, and timing.

inferred from protocol

Preprocessing / cleaning

It is remarkable to consider that, prior to the early 1960s, many believed that children with ASD were unlikely to respond to treatment.

from paper

Scoring or quantification

Quantify the primary readouts for this experiment: It is remarkable to consider that, prior to the early 1960s, many believed that children with ASD were unlikely to respond to treatment. The early work of Charles Ferster and Ma...; First, parents began advocating for their children to receive early intensive behavioral intervention, which led to changes in educational policy and, more recently, insurance r...; Interest in naturalistic behavioral methodologies occurred at about the same time that autism researchers were identifying early signs of autism in toddlers and discovering the...; Naturalistic behavioral interventions provided a different perspective and approach to handling unwanted and challenging behaviors, which led to a diminishment of their frequenc....

from paper

Statistical comparison

It is remarkable to consider that, prior to the early 1960s, many believed that children with ASD were unlikely to respond to treatment. The early work of Charles Ferster and Ma...

from paper

Reporting output

Report representative outputs alongside summary comparisons for It is remarkable to consider that, prior to the early 1960s, many believed that children with ASD were unlikely to respond to treatment. The early work of Charles Ferster and Ma..., First, parents began advocating for their children to receive early intensive behavioral intervention, which led to changes in educational policy and, more recently, insurance r..., Interest in naturalistic behavioral methodologies occurred at about the same time that autism researchers were identifying early signs of autism in toddlers and discovering the..., Naturalistic behavioral interventions provided a different perspective and approach to handling unwanted and challenging behaviors, which led to a diminishment of their frequenc....

inferred from protocol

Structured statistical methods

It is remarkable to consider that, prior to the early 1960s, many believed that children with ASD were unlikely to respond to treatment. The early work of Charles Ferster and Ma...

source structured

07 · Source layer

Source and audit

What supports the facts on this page?

Source identityavailable

Structured protocolavailable

Methods evidenceavailable

Materials/equipment listedavailable

Specific product linksneeds review

Evidence quotes (3)

The development-enhancing strategies used within the NDBIs (see specific strategies below) work together to support high levels of success inside ecologically valid contexts, routines and materials within them. The motivating activities created as part of the intervention process begin as very simple action sequences, where contingencies between the child's behavior and a rewarding experience are highly predictable and salient. For example, a playful routine involving tickles when putting on the child's shirt during a dressing routine may be expanded to include receptive language skill building as well as social commenting. The child may be instructed to follow directions to 'get your shirt', where he must select the shirt from an array of other clothing, then encouraged to show his 'red shirt' to his sister by saying "Look! My red shirt!," being prompted as necessary. By incorporating behavioral strategies such as modeling, shaping, chaining, prompting, and differential reinforcement, the adult supports the child to expand language, the complexity of the play acts, the social demands, or the number of action sequences within the r...
Source method evidence

In the context of a history of studies demonstrating changes in IQ but relatively weaker changes in developmental outcomes such as core ASD symptoms and limited measurement of long term social functioning, it is important to extend measures of outcomes to include both proximal and distal estimates of functional changes in child behavior in everyday social contexts (e.g., parent-child interactions at home; interactions with peers in childcare or preschool). While there are studies reporting proximal outcomes (e.g., change within intervention sessions, in probes to untrained partners) few studies report change in everyday environments such as home and childcare settings. Observations of interactions with parents outside of the clinic or research setting and of child engagement, participation and demonstration of social and communication skills in child care or preschool settings are essential and could provide important outcome data for determining if interventions affect children's everyday functioning (see Kaale et al.; Kaiser, et al.,; Lawton and Kasari; Wetherby et al. ). Such observations might include relatively straightforward assessments of generalization a...
Source method evidence

Because NDBIs enjoy a strong research base that substantiates their efficacy for improving meaningful outcomes in young children with ASD, it is critical to disseminate this message and share this record of results with the research communities and the public sector. The public sector definition of "applied behavior analysis" is oftentimes wrongly equated with a specific method of ABA, DTT, rather than being understood as an umbrella of empirically based practices that are built on operant learning procedures. The remarkable work of many researchers, working in parallel in different locations and publishing independent and converging results on a wide range of NBDI approaches, have created a new generation of early intervention models whose common features and efficacy may not yet be widely known to parents, clinicians, physicians, and to funding agencies.
Source method evidence

Machine-readable layer

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DOI PMC 100% completeness score