The aging systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function methods

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        "name": "Methods Summary",
        "text": "Animals: C57BL/6 (Jackson Laboratory), C57BL/6 aged mice (National Institutes of Aging), Dcx-Luc, and C57BL/6J-Act-GFP (Jackson Laboratory). All animal use was in accordance with institutional guidelines approved by the VA Palo Alto Committee on Animal Research. Parabiosis surgery followed previously described procedures with the addition that peritonea between animals were surgically connected. Immunohistochemistry followed standard published techniques. Extracellular electrophysiology was performed as previously described. Spatial learning and memory was assayed with the RAWM paradigm as previously published. Contextual fear conditioning was assayed as previously published. Relative plasma concentrations of cytokines and signaling molecules in mice and humans were measured using antibody-based multiplex immunoassays at Rules Based Medicine, Inc. Statistical analysis was perform..."
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        "name": "Parabiosis and flow cytometry",
        "text": "Parabiosis surgery followed previously described procedures. Pairs of mice were anesthetized and prepared for surgery. Mirror-image incisions at the left and right flanks, respectively, were made through the skin. Shorter incisions were made through the abdominal wall. The peritoneal openings of the adjacent parabionts were sutured together. Elbow and knee joints from each parabiont were sutured together and the skin of each mouse was stapled (9mm Autoclip, Clay Adams) to the skin of the adjacent parabiont. Each mouse was injected subcutaneously with Baytril antibiotic and Buprenex as directed for pain and monitored during recovery. Flow cytometric analysis was done on fixed and permeabilized blood plasma cells from GFP and non-GFP parabionts. Approximately 40-60% of cells in the blood of either parabiont were GFP-positive two weeks after parabiosis surgery. We observed 70̵..."
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        "position": 3,
        "name": "Cranial Irradiation",
        "text": "Adult mice (8-12 weeks) were sham irradiated (controls) or irradiated at 5 Gy three times over eight days using the Mark I gamma irradiator and sacrificed at 8-10 weeks after irradiation to collect brains for immunohistochemical analyses. Each mouse was placed in a restrainer that was fitted into a slot in the lead brick shield so that the back of the skull was facing the source of radiation when positioned in the radiation chamber. The shield is constructed of lead bricks such that only the hippocampal/midbrain area were exposed to radiation. Calibration for 5 Gy radiation was done using nanoDot. Shielded areas were protected with an exposure rate 10 times lower than the exposed area. RAWM studies were done on irradiated mice at least 6 weeks after the radiation procedure. This time frame ensured adequate recovery of the animals. All data were from 8 irradiated and 10 sha..."
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      "headline": "The aging systemic milieu negatively regulates neurogenesis and cognitive function",
      "datePublished": "2011",
      "author": [
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          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Saul A. Villeda"
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        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Jian Luo"
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          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Kira I. Mosher"
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        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Bende Zou"
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          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Markus Britschgi"
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          "name": "Gregor Bieri"
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          "name": "Trisha M. Stan"
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          "name": "Nina Fainberg"
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          "name": "Zhaoqing Ding"
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          "name": "Alexander Eggel"
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          "name": "Sebastien Couillard-Després"
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          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Ludwig Aigner"
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        {
          "@type": "Person",
          "name": "Ge Li"
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          "name": "Elaine R. Peskind"
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          "name": "Douglas R. Galasko"
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          "name": "Xinmin S. Xie"
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          "name": "Thomas A. Rando"
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          "name": "Tony Wyss-Coray"
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      "identifier": "10.1038/nature10357"
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