Source Paper
Maternal Influenza Infection Causes Marked Behavioral and Pharmacological Changes in the Offspring
Limin Shi, S. Hossein Fatemi, Robert W. Sidwell, Paul H. Patterson
Journal of Neuroscience • 2003
Source Paper
Limin Shi, S. Hossein Fatemi, Robert W. Sidwell, Paul H. Patterson
Journal of Neuroscience • 2003
Maternal viral infection is known to increase the risk for schizophrenia and autism in the offspring. Using this observation in an animal model, we find that respiratory infection of pregnant mice (both BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains) with the human influenza virus yields offspring that display highly abnormal behavioral responses as adults. As in schizophrenia and autism, these offspring display deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the acoustic startle response. Compared with control mice, the infected mice also display striking responses to the acute administration of antipsychotic (clozapine and chlorpromazine) and psychomimetic (ketamine) drugs. Moreover, these mice are deficient in exploratory behavior in both open-field and novel-object tests, and they are deficient in social interaction. At least some of these behavioral changes likely are attributable to the maternal immune response itself. That is, maternal injection of the synthetic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid causes a PPI deficit in the offspring in the absence of virus. Therefore, maternal viral infection has a profound effect on the behavior of adult offspring, probably via an effect of the maternal immune response on the fetus.
Objective: Measurement of behavioral responses to antipsychotic (clozapine, chlorpromazine) and psychomimetic (ketamine) drug administration in offspring of pregnant mice exposed to influenza virus
This is a Drug Response Assessment protocol using mouse as the model organism. The procedure involves 8 procedural steps, 3 equipment items, 5 materials. Extracted from a 2003 paper published in Journal of Neuroscience.
Model and subjects
mouse • BALB/c and C57BL/6 • not specified • adult • not specified • not specified
Study window
Estimated timing pending
Core workflow
Maternal viral infection • Prepulse inhibition (PPI) testing • Drug response assessment - antipsychotics
Primary readouts
Key equipment and reagents
Verified items
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Pregnant mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains) are exposed to respiratory infection with human influenza virus
Note: Infection occurs during pregnancy to produce offspring with behavioral abnormalities
“respiratory infection of pregnant mice (both BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains) with the human influenza virus yields offspring that display highly abnormal behavioral responses as adults”
Adult offspring are tested for deficits in prepulse inhibition in the acoustic startle response
Note: Comparison made between infected and control mice
“these offspring display deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the acoustic startle response”
Acute administration of antipsychotic drugs (clozapine and chlorpromazine) to assess behavioral responses in infected versus control mice
Note: Infected mice display striking responses compared to control mice
“Compared with control mice, the infected mice also display striking responses to the acute administration of antipsychotic (clozapine and chlorpromazine)”
Acute administration of psychomimetic drug (ketamine) to assess behavioral responses in infected versus control mice
Note: Infected mice display striking responses compared to control mice
“striking responses to the acute administration of antipsychotic (clozapine and chlorpromazine) and psychomimetic (ketamine) drugs”
Adult offspring are tested for exploratory behavior deficits in open-field apparatus
Note: Infected mice show deficient exploratory behavior compared to controls
“mice are deficient in exploratory behavior in both open-field and novel-object tests”
Adult offspring are tested for exploratory behavior deficits with novel objects
Note: Infected mice show deficient exploratory behavior compared to controls
“mice are deficient in exploratory behavior in both open-field and novel-object tests”
Adult offspring are assessed for deficits in social interaction
Note: Infected mice show deficient social interaction compared to controls
“they are deficient in social interaction”
Pregnant mice receive maternal injection of synthetic double-stranded RNA (poly(I:C)) without viral infection to assess immune response effects
Note: Poly(I:C) injection alone causes PPI deficit in offspring, suggesting maternal immune response is responsible for behavioral changes
“maternal injection of the synthetic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid causes a PPI deficit in the offspring in the absence of virus”
This section explains what the experiment is doing, which readouts matter, what the data artifacts usually look like, and how the analysis should flow from raw capture to reported result.
Measurement of behavioral responses to antipsychotic (clozapine, chlorpromazine) and psychomimetic (ketamine) drug administration in offspring of pregnant mice exposed to influenza virus
Objective
Measurement of behavioral responses to antipsychotic (clozapine, chlorpromazine) and psychomimetic (ketamine) drug administration in offspring of pregnant mice exposed to influenza virus
Subjects
From papermouse • BALB/c and C57BL/6 • not specified • adult • not specified
Sample count
From papernot specified
Cohort notes
From paperOffspring of pregnant mice infected with human influenza virus during pregnancy
Maternal viral infection (not specified)
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) testing (not specified)
Drug response assessment - antipsychotics (not specified)
Drug response assessment - psychomimetic (not specified)
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) in acoustic startle response
From papernot specified in provided text
Artifact type
Endpoint measurements summarized by group or timepoint
Comparison focus
Compare endpoint magnitude between groups, timepoints, or both
Behavioral responses to clozapine administration
From papernot specified in provided text
Artifact type
Endpoint measurements summarized by group or timepoint
Comparison focus
Compare endpoint magnitude between groups, timepoints, or both
Behavioral responses to chlorpromazine administration
From papernot specified in provided text
Artifact type
Endpoint measurements summarized by group or timepoint
Comparison focus
Compare endpoint magnitude between groups, timepoints, or both
Behavioral responses to ketamine administration
From papernot specified in provided text
Artifact type
Endpoint measurements summarized by group or timepoint
Comparison focus
Compare endpoint magnitude between groups, timepoints, or both
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) in acoustic startle response
From paperRaw artifact
Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact
Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Final reported form
Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Behavioral responses to clozapine administration
From paperRaw artifact
Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact
Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Final reported form
Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Behavioral responses to chlorpromazine administration
From paperRaw artifact
Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact
Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Final reported form
Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Behavioral responses to ketamine administration
From paperRaw artifact
Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact
Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Final reported form
Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Acquisition
Collect raw experimental outputs with enough metadata to preserve sample identity, condition, and timing.
Preprocessing / cleaning
not specified in provided text
Scoring or quantification
Quantify the primary readouts for this experiment: Prepulse inhibition (PPI) in acoustic startle response; Behavioral responses to clozapine administration; Behavioral responses to chlorpromazine administration; Behavioral responses to ketamine administration.
Statistical comparison
Statistical method not yet structured for this page.
Reporting output
Report representative outputs alongside summary comparisons for Prepulse inhibition (PPI) in acoustic startle response, Behavioral responses to clozapine administration, Behavioral responses to chlorpromazine administration, Behavioral responses to ketamine administration.
Source links and direct wording from the methods section for validation and deeper review.
Citation
Limin Shi et al. (2003). Maternal Influenza Infection Causes Marked Behavioral and Pharmacological Changes in the Offspring. Journal of Neuroscience
Maternal viral infection • Protocol step
“respiratory infection of pregnant mice (both BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains) with the human influenza virus yields offspring that display highly abnormal behavioral responses as adults”
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) testing • Protocol step
“these offspring display deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the acoustic startle response”
Drug response assessment - antipsychotics • Protocol step
“Compared with control mice, the infected mice also display striking responses to the acute administration of antipsychotic (clozapine and chlorpromazine)”
Drug response assessment - psychomimetic • Protocol step
“striking responses to the acute administration of antipsychotic (clozapine and chlorpromazine) and psychomimetic (ketamine) drugs”
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Evidence Quotes
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