Source Paper
Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Mediate the Upregulation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and the Induction of Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice in Response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
Jason C. O'Connor, Caroline André, Yunxia Wang, Marcus A. Lawson, Sandra S. Szegedi et al.
Journal of Neuroscience • 2009
Forced Swim Test
Objective: Assessment of depressive-like behavior by measuring immobility time in mice placed in water
This is a Forced Swim Test protocol using mouse as the model organism. The procedure involves 4 procedural steps, 1 equipment items, 2 materials. Extracted from a 2009 paper published in Journal of Neuroscience.
Model and subjects
mouse • Wild-type (WT) control mice and IFNγR−/− mice • unknown • Not specified • Not specified
Study window
~1 week study window
Core workflow
BCG Inoculation • Forced Swim Test • Tail Suspension Test
Primary readouts
- Immobility time during forced swim test
- Immobility time during tail suspension test
- IFNγ expression levels
- Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression levels
Key equipment and reagents
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Protocol Steps
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BCG Inoculation
Wild-type control mice and IFNγR−/− mice were inoculated with an attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG)
Note: Infection with BCG induced an acute episode of sickness that was similar in both WT and IFNγR−/− mice
View evidence from paper
“Wild-type (WT) control mice and IFNγR−/− mice were inoculated with an attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)”
Forced Swim Test
Mice were placed in water and immobility time was measured to assess depressive-like behavior
Note: Increased immobility occurred in WT mice but was entirely absent in IFNγR−/− mice
View evidence from paper
“Increased immobility during the forced swim and tail suspension tests occurred in WT mice 7 d after BCG inoculation but was entirely absent in IFNγR−/− mice”
Tail Suspension Test
Mice were assessed using tail suspension test as an additional measure of depressive-like behavior
Note: Performed concurrently with forced swim test
View evidence from paper
“Increased immobility during the forced swim and tail suspension tests occurred in WT mice 7 d after BCG inoculation”
TNFα Antagonist Pretreatment
Separate cohort of mice were pretreated with etanercept (TNFα antagonist) prior to BCG inoculation
Note: Pretreatment partially blunted BCG-induced IDO activation and depressive-like behavior
View evidence from paper
“Pretreatment of mice with the TNFα antagonist, etanercept, partially blunted BCG-induced IDO activation and depressive-like behavior”