Source Paper
Hyperactivity and Intact Hippocampus-Dependent Learning in Mice Lacking the M<sub>1</sub>Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor
Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, Masahisa Yamada, Alokesh Duttaroy, Jürgen Wess
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Source Paper
Tsuyoshi Miyakawa, Masahisa Yamada, Alokesh Duttaroy, Jürgen Wess
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Members of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor family are thought to play key roles in the regulation of a large number of important functions of the CNS. However, the precise roles of the individual muscarinic receptor subtypes in modulating these processes are not well understood at present, primarily because of the lack of ligands with sufficient receptor subtype selectivity. To investigate the behavioral significance of the M 1 muscarinic receptor (M 1 R), which is abundantly expressed in the forebrain, we subjected M 1 receptor-deficient mice ( M 1 R −/− mice) to a battery of behavioral tests. M 1 R −/− mice showed no significant impairments in neurological reflexes, motor coordination, pain sensitivity, and prepulse inhibition. Strikingly, however, M 1 R −/− mice consistently exhibited a pronounced increase in locomotor activity in various tests, including open field, elevated plus maze, and light/dark transition tests. Moreover, M 1 R −/− mice showed reduced immobilization in the Porsolt forced swim test and reduced levels of freezing after inescapable footshocks, suggesting that M 1 R −/− mice are hyperactive under stressful conditions as well. An increased number of social contacts was observed in a social interaction test. Surprisingly, M 1 R −/− mice displayed no significant cognitive impairments in the Morris water maze and in contextual fear conditioning. M 1 R −/− mice showed slight performance deficits in auditory-cued fear conditioning and in an eight-arm radial maze, most likely because of the hyperactivity phenotype displayed by the M 1 R −/− mice. Our results indicate that M 1 muscarinic receptors play an important role in the regulation of locomotor activity but appear to be less critical for cognitive processes, as generally assumed.
Objective: Evaluation of basic neurological reflexes and motor function in M1 receptor-deficient mice
This is a Neurological Reflex Testing protocol using mouse as the model organism. The procedure involves 13 procedural steps, 7 equipment items. Extracted from a 2001 paper published in Journal of Neuroscience.
Model and subjects
mouse • M1 receptor-deficient mice (M1R−/− mice) • unknown • Not specified • Not specified
Study window
Estimated timing pending
Core workflow
Neurological reflex testing • Pain sensitivity testing • Prepulse inhibition testing
Primary readouts
Key equipment and reagents
Verified items
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Conduct assessment of basic neurological reflexes and motor coordination
Note: M1R−/− mice showed no significant impairments in neurological reflexes and motor coordination
“M1R−/− mice showed no significant impairments in neurological reflexes, motor coordination”
Evaluate pain sensitivity in mice
Note: No significant impairments observed in M1R−/− mice
“M1R−/− mice showed no significant impairments in pain sensitivity”
Measure prepulse inhibition response
Note: No significant impairments observed in M1R−/− mice
“M1R−/− mice showed no significant impairments in prepulse inhibition”
Measure locomotor activity in open field apparatus
Note: M1R−/− mice exhibited pronounced increase in locomotor activity
“M1R−/− mice consistently exhibited a pronounced increase in locomotor activity in various tests, including open field”
Measure locomotor activity and anxiety-related behavior in elevated plus maze
Note: M1R−/− mice exhibited pronounced increase in locomotor activity
“M1R−/− mice consistently exhibited a pronounced increase in locomotor activity in various tests, including elevated plus maze”
Measure locomotor activity and anxiety-related behavior in light/dark transition apparatus
Note: M1R−/− mice exhibited pronounced increase in locomotor activity
“M1R−/− mice consistently exhibited a pronounced increase in locomotor activity in various tests, including light/dark transition tests”
Measure immobilization and depression-like behavior
Note: M1R−/− mice showed reduced immobilization, indicating hyperactivity under stressful conditions
“M1R−/− mice showed reduced immobilization in the Porsolt forced swim test”
Administer inescapable footshocks and measure freezing behavior
Note: M1R−/− mice showed reduced freezing levels, indicating hyperactivity under stressful conditions
“M1R−/− mice showed reduced levels of freezing after inescapable footshocks”
Measure social contacts and social behavior
Note: M1R−/− mice showed increased number of social contacts
“An increased number of social contacts was observed in a social interaction test”
Measure spatial learning and memory
Note: M1R−/− mice displayed no significant cognitive impairments
“M1R−/− mice displayed no significant cognitive impairments in the Morris water maze”
Measure contextual fear learning and memory
Note: M1R−/− mice displayed no significant cognitive impairments
“M1R−/− mice displayed no significant cognitive impairments in contextual fear conditioning”
Measure auditory-cued fear learning and memory
Note: M1R−/− mice showed slight performance deficits, likely due to hyperactivity phenotype
“M1R−/− mice showed slight performance deficits in auditory-cued fear conditioning”
Measure working and reference memory
Note: M1R−/− mice showed slight performance deficits, likely due to hyperactivity phenotype
“M1R−/− mice showed slight performance deficits in an eight-arm radial maze”
This section explains what the experiment is doing, which readouts matter, what the data artifacts usually look like, and how the analysis should flow from raw capture to reported result.
Evaluation of basic neurological reflexes and motor function in M1 receptor-deficient mice
Objective
Evaluation of basic neurological reflexes and motor function in M1 receptor-deficient mice
Subjects
From papermouse • M1 receptor-deficient mice (M1R−/− mice) • unknown • Not specified • Not specified
Cohort notes
From paperGenetically modified mice lacking M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
Neurological reflex testing (Not specified)
Pain sensitivity testing (Not specified)
Prepulse inhibition testing (Not specified)
Open field test (Not specified)
Neurological reflexes
From paperNot specified
Artifact type
Endpoint measurements summarized by group or timepoint
Comparison focus
Compare endpoint magnitude between groups, timepoints, or both
Motor coordination
From paperNot specified
Artifact type
Endpoint measurements summarized by group or timepoint
Comparison focus
Compare endpoint magnitude between groups, timepoints, or both
Pain sensitivity
From paperNot specified
Artifact type
Endpoint measurements summarized by group or timepoint
Comparison focus
Compare endpoint magnitude between groups, timepoints, or both
Prepulse inhibition
From paperNot specified
Artifact type
Endpoint measurements summarized by group or timepoint
Comparison focus
Compare endpoint magnitude between groups, timepoints, or both
Neurological reflexes
From paperRaw artifact
Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact
Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Final reported form
Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Motor coordination
From paperRaw artifact
Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact
Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Final reported form
Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Pain sensitivity
From paperRaw artifact
Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact
Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Final reported form
Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Prepulse inhibition
From paperRaw artifact
Per-sample or per-animal endpoint measurements collected during the experiment
Processed artifact
Structured table with cleaned measurements ready for comparison
Final reported form
Summary statistics and between-group or across-timepoint comparisons
Acquisition
Collect raw experimental outputs with enough metadata to preserve sample identity, condition, and timing.
Preprocessing / cleaning
Not specified
Scoring or quantification
Quantify the primary readouts for this experiment: Neurological reflexes; Motor coordination; Pain sensitivity; Prepulse inhibition.
Statistical comparison
Statistical method not yet structured for this page.
Reporting output
Report representative outputs alongside summary comparisons for Neurological reflexes, Motor coordination, Pain sensitivity, Prepulse inhibition.
Source links and direct wording from the methods section for validation and deeper review.
Citation
Tsuyoshi Miyakawa et al. (2001). Hyperactivity and Intact Hippocampus-Dependent Learning in Mice Lacking the M<sub>1</sub>Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor. Journal of Neuroscience
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13
Evidence Quotes
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Protocol Items
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Linked Products
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13
Evidence
20
Specific Products
6/6
Canonical Sync
Pending
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