Source Paper
Maternal Influenza Infection Causes Marked Behavioral and Pharmacological Changes in the Offspring
Limin Shi, S. Hossein Fatemi, Robert W. Sidwell, Paul H. Patterson
Journal of Neuroscience • 2003
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Protocol Steps
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Maternal viral infection
Pregnant mice (BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains) are infected via respiratory route with human influenza virus
Note: Infection occurs during pregnancy to produce offspring with behavioral abnormalities
View evidence from paper
“respiratory infection of pregnant mice (both BALB/c and C57BL/6 strains) with the human influenza virus yields offspring”
Offspring maturation to adulthood
Offspring are allowed to develop to adulthood for behavioral testing
Note: Behavioral testing occurs in adult offspring
View evidence from paper
“yields offspring that display highly abnormal behavioral responses as adults”
Social interaction testing
Adult offspring are tested for deficits in social interaction
Note: Infected mice show deficiency in social interaction compared to control mice
View evidence from paper
“they are deficient in social interaction”
Open-field testing
Offspring are tested in open-field apparatus to measure exploratory behavior
Note: Infected mice show deficiency in exploratory behavior
View evidence from paper
“deficient in exploratory behavior in both open-field and novel-object tests”
Novel-object testing
Offspring are tested with novel objects to measure exploratory behavior
Note: Infected mice show deficiency in exploratory behavior
View evidence from paper
“deficient in exploratory behavior in both open-field and novel-object tests”
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) testing
Acoustic startle response is measured with prepulse inhibition paradigm
Note: Infected offspring display deficits in PPI similar to schizophrenia and autism
View evidence from paper
“display deficits in prepulse inhibition (PPI) in the acoustic startle response”
Acute antipsychotic drug administration
Clozapine and chlorpromazine are administered acutely to test pharmacological responses
Note: Infected mice show striking responses to antipsychotic drugs
View evidence from paper
“striking responses to the acute administration of antipsychotic (clozapine and chlorpromazine)”
Acute psychomimetic drug administration
Ketamine is administered acutely to test pharmacological responses
Note: Infected mice show striking responses to psychomimetic drugs
View evidence from paper
“striking responses to the acute administration of antipsychotic (clozapine and chlorpromazine) and psychomimetic (ketamine) drugs”
Maternal immune response induction control
Pregnant mice are injected with synthetic double-stranded RNA (poly(I:C)) to induce maternal immune response without viral infection
Note: This control demonstrates that maternal immune response alone can cause PPI deficits in offspring
View evidence from paper
“maternal injection of the synthetic double-stranded RNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid causes a PPI deficit in the offspring in the absence of virus”