Source Paper
Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Mediate the Upregulation of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and the Induction of Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice in Response to Bacillus Calmette-Guérin
Jason C. O'Connor, Caroline André, Yunxia Wang, Marcus A. Lawson, Sandra S. Szegedi et al.
Journal of Neuroscience • 2009
Tail Suspension Test
Objective: Assessment of depressive-like behavior by measuring immobility time when mice are suspended by the tail
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Protocol Steps
BCG Inoculation
Wild-type control mice and IFNγR−/− mice were inoculated with an attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis (BCG)
Note: Infection with BCG induced an acute episode of sickness that was similar in both WT and IFNγR−/− mice
View evidence from paper
“Wild-type (WT) control mice and IFNγR−/− mice were inoculated with an attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis, bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG).”
Tail Suspension Test
Mice were suspended by the tail and immobility time was measured to assess depressive-like behavior
Note: Increased immobility occurred in WT mice but was entirely absent in IFNγR−/− mice
View evidence from paper
“Increased immobility during the forced swim and tail suspension tests occurred in WT mice 7 d after BCG inoculation but was entirely absent in IFNγR−/− mice.”
Optional TNFα Antagonist Pretreatment
Some mice were pretreated with etanercept (TNFα antagonist) prior to BCG inoculation to assess TNFα role
Note: Pretreatment partially blunted BCG-induced IDO activation and depressive-like behavior
View evidence from paper
“Pretreatment of mice with the TNFα antagonist, etanercept, partially blunted BCG-induced IDO activation and depressive-like behavior.”